310 NYCTEA SCANDIACA, SNOWY OWL. 



57.— Daud., Tr. Orn. ii. 1800, 188.— Bechst., Naturj;. ii, 925 ; V. D. ii, 350.— 

 Meyer, Ttisch. i, 75. — Vikii.l., Ois. Am. Sept. pi. 18; Fn. Fr. 48, ])]. 23, f. 2. — 

 Sn.\w, Gou. Zool. vii, 1809, 240.— Sab., Panv'.s 1st Voy. Suppl. 193.— Rich., 

 I'anv's 2a Voy. App. 342.— Fall., Zoojj:. K. A. i, 1831, 312.— Wils., Aui. Orn. 

 iv, 1812, 53, ]il! 32, 1'. 1.— Br., Syn. 1828, 34 ; l.sis, 1832, 1139.— Temm., Man. pt. 

 i, ]>. 82 ; pt. iii, p. 45; Tabl. Moth. C— Nacm., V. D. 241, pi. 33, f. (JG; od. nov. 

 ). 417, pi. 41.— Yakk., Br. B. i. 134.— Flem., Br. An. 58.— ScHiNZ, Imi. Helv. 56.— 

 Mont., Diet. (ed. Reuuie) 471.— Mohk., Br. B. i, 194, pi. 27.— W'EitN., Atl. Ois. 

 pi. 45.— Sw. & Rich., F. B. A ii, 1831, 88.— Nutt., Man. i, 1832, 116.— Aui>., 

 Orn. Biog. iv, 1834, 135 ; v, 1839, 382 ; pi. 121.— Thomps., Hist. Vt. 64.— Peab., 

 Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 84.— Schl., Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. 17. 

 JVbcf«a ni/e/m, Cuv., R. A. i, 1817, 332.— Boie, Lsls, 1822, 770.— Less., Man. i, 110; Tr. 

 lOL—BiiEHM, Isis, 1834, 240.— Bkehm, V. D. 103.— JE^•YNs, Man. Br. Vert. 

 23.— SCHE., M. P.-B. 1862, SirUjOi, 45. 

 Sip-nium inictca, Kaup, Sk. Eut. Eur. Thierw. 1829, pp. 59, 190. 



Suriiia vyctea, Selby, 111. Br. Orn. i, 1833, 95, pi. 23.— Edmonst., Mem. Wern. Soc. iv, 

 157. — James., ed. Wils. i, 92. — Gould, B. Eur. pi. 43. — Jahd., Br. B. i, 303.— 

 Thomps., B. Irel. i, 95.— Eyt., Cat. Br. B. 6.— Keys & Blas., Wirb. Eur. 

 3:i._Aru., Syu. 1839, 21 ; B. Am. i, 1840, 113, pi. 28.— DeKay, N. Y. Zool. 1844, 

 pi. 9, f. 20.— Gii?.. B.L. I. 1844, 22.— Putn., Pr. Ess. Inst, i, 1856, 204.— Kaup, 

 Tr. Z. S. iv, 1859, 214. 

 Syrnia mictea, Macgil., Hist. Br. B. iii. 1840, 407 : Rep. B. Gr. Brit. 348— Thomps., Ann. 



Nat. Hist, i, 241 ; iii, 107.— Jaud., ed. Wils. ii, 46.— Watt., B. Irel. 27. 

 Strix wapaciitku, Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 291 {ex WaiHicuthu Owl, Penn., Arct. Zool. ii, 

 1785, 231, No. 119).— Lath., Ind. Orn. i, 1790, 58 (Gen. Syu. Silppl. 49).— Daud., 

 Tr. Orn.ii, 1800, 189.— Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii, 1809, 243.— Vieill., Ois. Am. Sept. 47. 

 Nyctea tvapamtJiu, Steph., Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii, 1826, 63, No. 2. 

 Strix arciica, Bakt., Trav. in Fla. 1791, 289. 



Strix nivea, Thunb., Sv. Ak. Handhing, 1798, 84.— Daud., Tr. Orn. ii, 1800, 190(?a Chott- 

 dte hianche, LeVail., Ois. Air. i, 1799, 174, pi. 45).— Zawad., P'u. Wirb. 1840, 45. 

 Noctna nivea, Brehm, Isis, 1834, 246. 



Nyctea nivea, Gray, Gen. of B. i, 1844, 34, pi. 12, f. 2 ; List, B. Br. Mus. 86; Cat. Geu. 

 8.— Bp., Consp. Av. i, 18.50, 36.— Cass., III. 1854, 190.— Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, 35.— 

 Brew., N. Am. 061. 1857, 79.— Bd., B. N. A. ld.5.i, 63.— Kirkp., Oiiio Agric. Rep. 

 1858 _-^V heat., ibid. 1860, No. 28 (Ohio).— Coues & Frext., Smiths. Rep. 1861, 

 402, (Washington, D .C.).— Boardm., Fr. Bust. Soc. is, 1862, 123 (Calais, Me., 

 probably breeding).— Verr., Fr. Ess. Inst, iii, 1862, 144 (Norway, Me., iu wiu- 

 ter). — Allen, ihid. iv, 18(54, 52 and 97 (Massachusetts, Nov. to May 20). — 

 MclLWR., ihid. V, 1866, b2 (Hamilton, C. W., iu -winter). — Coues, ibid, v, 1868, 

 261 (New England, iu winter). — Dress., Ibis, 1865, 330 (Texas).— Lawr., 

 Aun. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 259.- Coues, Pr. Bo.st. Soc. xii, 1868, 120 (.South 

 Carolina).- TURNB., B. E. Fa. 1869, 9 (winter, rather rare)-— D-Vix & Baxx., 

 Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 273 (Alaska).— Dall, Pr. Phila. Acad. Feb. 1873 (Aleu- 

 tian Islands).- Coop., B. Cal. i, 1870, 447 (nevt-r found in California).- S.NOW, 

 B. Kaua. 1873, 2 (Kansas, rare in winter). — Coues, Key, 1872, 205, tig. 138. 

 Nyctea nivea europwa et aiiiericana, A. Brehm, Verz. Samml. C. L. Brehm, 1866, 2. 

 Strix bubo var. albus, Daud., Tr. Orn. ii, 1800, 210 (ex Lixx.). 

 Strix Candida, Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl. 1801, p. xiv, No. 3 (ex LeVaiill.— J^jvm'jfe Otvly 



Lath., Syu. Suppl. ii, 1802, 60, No. 7). 

 Nyctia Candida, Sw., Classif. B. ii, 1837, 217. 

 Nyctea Candida, Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, 35.— Bp., List, 1838, 6.— Kaup, Men. Sirig. Cent. 



Orn. 1852, 107. 

 Strix erminea, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii, 1809, 251. 

 Ni/ctea erminea, Steph., Geu. Zool. xiii, pt. ii, 1826, 63, No. 1. 

 Harjantj, Buff., P. E. 458. • 



Hah.— 'Northern portions of the Northern Hemisphere, ranging irregularly south- 

 ward in winter. Iu North America, resident from the Canadas and probably from 

 Maine, norlhward. Regnlarly enters the Northern States iu winter, fre(|uently w;iu- 

 dering to the Middle States, casually to the Southern States, even to Texas (Drex^er). 

 Kansas (Snow). Kentucky and South Carolina (Audnhon). Bermuda (Jardine). 



Although aijpareiitly iiniioticed by either Expedition, the Suowj 

 Owl visits the JMisfsouri region in winter, as it does the corresponding 

 latitudes of the Eastrru States. Its wanch'rings are more extensive 

 than those of either the Hawk Owl or the Great Gray Owl, as will be 

 seen by the above quotations, and are remarkable for a bird whose 

 whole aspect betokens a nature lifted to endure the utmost rigor of 

 climate. We have advices of its presence in winter in nearhj all the 



