730 PODICEPS HOLEOLLI, EED-NECKED GREBE. 



The changes of plumage of this species chiefly affect the head, in the ahscncc of the 

 crest and ruffs, the parts being pkiiuly colored, corresponding to the durk of the crown 

 aud nape and white of the sides of the head and throat. lu any plumage, the species 

 may be known by its subgcneric characters; and from P. giiscigcna, tTie only one of 

 Fodiceps proper that approaches it in size, by the pure white instead of dusky-mottled 

 under parts, more white ou the wing, relatively longer tarsi, &c. 



1 see uo diffeience between American aud European specimens. 



PODICEPS GEISEIGEXA var. HOLBOLLI, (Ileiuh.) Coues. 



Red-necked Grebe. 



a. griseigena. 



Cohimhiis (/riseiyena, Bodd., Tab. Ph Enl. .55; pi. 404, fig. 1. 

 Fodiceps (jrineigena, Gkay, Gen. of B. iii, 633. — Schl., M. P.-B. ix, 36. 

 Cohjnhus paroiis, Sparrm., Mus. Carls, pi. 9.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 092. 

 Coh/mbun siibcristatus, Jacq., Beit. 1784, 37, pi. 18.— Gm., Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 590. 

 Fodiceps suhcrisiatus, Bechst., Naturg. DentschL 546.— Bkeiim, Vog. Deutschl. 9."37. — 



Keys. & Blas., VVirb. Eur. 1840, 90. 

 Pfidealthyia snheristata, Kaup, Sk. Ent. Eur, Thierw. 1829, 44. 

 Fodiceps rvhficoUis, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii, 1790, 783.— Temai., Man. 1815, 465.— Steph., G. 



Z. xiii, 1825, 8.— Breiim, V. I). 95G.— Macgil., Man. ii, 203; aud of European 



authors generally. 

 Colymhus ciicullaius et luvvias, Pall., Zoog. E.-A. ii, 1811, 355, 356, 

 Fodiceps camgularis, Brehm., Vog. Deutschl. 958. 



b. holholli. 



Fodiceps ruhricolUs, Bp., Syn. 1828, 417 ; List, 1838, 65.— Sw. & Rich., F. B. A. ii, 1831, 



411.— NuTT., Man. ii, 1834, 253.— Aun., Oru. Biog. iii, 1835. 617, pi. 298; Kyn. 



1839, 357 ; B. Am. vii, 1844, 312, pi. 480.— GiR., B. L. I. 1844, 384.— Turxij., B.'E. 



Pa. 18(;9, 39. 

 Fodiceps f/risei(jcna, Lawr., B. N. A. 1858, 892 ; Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii, 1866, 300.— Dall & 



Bann., Tr. Chic. Acad, i, 1869, 308 (Alaska); and of most late United States 



writers. 

 Fodiceps hoJbolH, Reinii., Ibis, iii, 1861, 14 (Greenland).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 



1862, 231. 

 Fodiceps qriseiqcua var. holboUi, Coues, Key, 1872, 337. — Ridgw., Ann. Lye. N. Y. x, 



1874, ::92 (Illinois). 

 Fodicc2)s cooperi, Lawr., B. N. A. 1858 (in text). — Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1862, 230. — 



FlNSCii., Abh. Nat. iii, 1872, 75 (Alaska). (Beyond doubt!) 

 (?) Fodiceps affinis, Salvad., Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. viii, 1866. — Elliot, B. N. A. (Introd. No. 



98 With tig. of head). — Vox Martens, J. f. O. 1866, 70. 



Eab. — The typical form in Europe. Var. JiolboUi from Greenland and North America ; 



with this Asiatic and Japanese specimens are stated to agree. 



Adult, breeding plninage. — Crests short, and ruffs scarcclj' apparent. Bill black, the 

 tomia of the upper mandibie at base and most of the lower mandible yellowish. 

 Crown aud occiput glossy greenish-black ; back of the ueck the same, less intense, aud 

 the upper parts generally the same, with grayish edgings of the feathers. Wiug-cov- 

 erts and prinuiries uniform chocolote-brown, the shafts of tlie latter black. Seconda- 

 ries white, mostly with black shafts aud brownisii tips. Lining of wings and axiliars 

 "white. A broad patch of silvery-ash ou the throat, extending around on sides of head, 

 whitening along Hue of juncture with the black of the crown. Neck, except the dorsal 

 line, dee]) brownish-red, which extends diluted some distance on the breast. Under 

 parts silky-white, with a shade of silvery-ash, each feather having a dark shaft-line 

 and terminal spot, producing a peculiar dappled appearance. 



JViiifer plumage, and ijouvg.— Crests scarcely appreciable. Bill mostly yellowish, the 

 ridge more or less dusky. Red of the neck replaced by brownish-ash of very variable 

 shade, from quite dark to whitish. Ash of throat aud sides of head replaced by pure 

 white. Uuder parts ashy-white, the mottling not so conspicuous as in summer. 



Dimensions. — Length, about 19; wing, 7.Gt> ; bill a'ong culmen, l.CO; along gape, 

 2.40; height at nostrils, 0.55 ; tarsus, 2.10 ; middle toe and claw, 2.65. 



This bird could only be confounded with cristatus in immature dress. It is smaller, 

 stouter, and more thick-set, with stouter bill, with nebulat(;d under ])lumage, and 

 usually has rather sliorter t.arsi — only aliout four-fifrhs the middle toe aud claw, 

 instead of about erxual to the middle toe alone, as in cristatus. 



