426 REVIEW OF JAPANESE BIRDS. 



founded. It is safe to say that if Dr. Blasius and voii Tsclmsi had 

 stuck to the old terms they would by this time have become familiar to 

 all ornithologists. As it is the new names should be suppressed as 

 soon as possible, before more mischief is done. 



The following- is a condensed, but correct aud nearly complete synono- 

 my of the two forms. It is plain that the resident form of Sweden, upon 

 which Linnaeus bestowed the name Gorvus caryocatactes must stand as 

 the typical form. The Thick-billed Nutcracker, therefore, is entitled to 

 the name — 



Nucifraga caryocatactes (LlN.). 



1758. — Corvua caryocatactes Linn., Syst. Nat., 10 ed., i, p. 106. 

 1816.— Caryocatactes maculatua Koch. Syst. Baier. Zool., I, p. 03. 

 1816. —Nucifraga guttata Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., v. p. 354. 

 1817. — Caryocatactes nucifraga Nilsson, Orn. Svec, i. p. 90. 

 1823.— Nucifraga brachyrhynehos Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Yog., p. 104. 

 1833. — Nucifraga platyrhynchos Brehm, Isis. 1833, p. 970. 

 1855.— Nucifraga alpestris Brehm, Vogelf., p. 66. 



I860. — Nucifraga caryocatactes major Brehm, Journ. f. Orn., I860, p. 236. 

 1 Bti6. — Nucifraga caryocatactes pachyrhynchtis R. Blasius, Ornis, n, p. 543 : extr. p. 107 ; 

 pi. ii, figs. 3, 4; pi. iii. 



Should it be found necessary to use a trinominal in order to avoid 

 mistakes it should be no other than Xucifraga caryocatactes brachyrhyn- 

 ehos. On the other hand, the Slender-billed Nutcracker should stand 

 as — 



Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchos Brehm. 



1823. — Xucifraf/a macrorhynchos Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Yog., p. 103. 



1833. — Nucifraga hamata Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 970. 



1845. — Nucifraga caryocatactes Selys-Longch., Bull. Ac. Brus.,xi (p. 293) (part; nee 



Linn.). 

 1855.-—? Nucifraga arquata Brehm, Vogelf., p. 66. 



1866. — Nucifraga caryocatactes macrorhynchos Brehm, Verz. Samml., p. 4. 

 1886. — Xucifraga caryocatactes leptorhynchusB,. Blasius. Oruis, ii, p. 543: estr. p. 107; 



pi. i ; pi. ii, tigs. 1,2. 



It appears that von Tschusi-Schmidhoffen, quite independently and 

 about the same time, came to the same conclusions as Dr. R. Blasius,* 

 and both these ornithologists agree in dividing the Nutcracker into two 

 races — one western, thick-billed, and another eastern, slender-billed. 

 According to them N. caryocatactes brachyrhynehos " breeds in the north- 

 ern temperate zone of the western portion of the palsearctic region, viz, 

 in the forests of Lapland, Scandinavia, the Baltic provinces of Russia, 

 East Prussia, the Harz, the Riesengebirge (Bohmerwald),the Schwarz- 

 wald (Black Forest), the Carpathians (the mountains of Bosnia, Herze- 

 govina, and Dalmatia), the whole extent of the Alps, aud the Pyren- 

 ees." N. c. macrorhynchos, on the other hand, is stated to " breed in 

 the northern temperate zone of the eastern portion of the palsearctic 



*See " Verbr. uud Zug d. Tannenhehers," Verhaudl. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Y'ien, 1888, 

 p. 488 ; extr. p. 82. 



