iso. 1334. J A PA NESE CYPRINOID FISHES— JORDA X A ND FO I ] 'L ElL 8 5 9 



protractile and reaching- hek>\v the nostril; lips fleshy; pharyngeal 

 teeth compressed, and those in th(^ outer rows with a narrow j^rinding 

 surface; nostrils close together on the sides of the snout and near the 

 eye; interorbital space broad and convex. Opercles striated. Gill- 

 openings large; gill -rakers short, pointed, -1:4- 9; pseudobranchite 

 present. Intestine rather short; peritoneum gray. 



Scales large, cycloid and of even size; a .small pectoral flap; ventral 

 flap present. 



Origin of dorsal midwa}^ between the tip of snout and l)ase of caudal; 

 when depressed reaching almost to origin of anal, the base of the tin 

 If ill its height, and its upper margin straight; anal inserted nearer 

 origin of ventral than base of caudal; the base of the tin long, about 

 equal to the length of the ventral, and its edge straight; caudal deeply 

 emarginate, and the lower lobe the longer; pectoral a little more than 

 two-thirds to origin of ventral; ventral three-tifths to anal. Caudal 

 peduncle deep, compressed, and its least depth "-l in head. Lateral line 

 decurved, and concurrent with the lower protile of the body to the 

 caudal. 



Color in alcohol, dark brown above, below silvery or whitish; dorsal 

 and caudal brownish; pectorals tinted with brown, the other tins pale; 

 posterior edge of each scale upon the sides and upper surface with a 

 dark spot. 



Length, 12 inches. 



Described from No. 624:7 Ichthyological Collections, Leland Stanford 

 Junior University Museum (collection K. Otaki). 



Of this species we have many specimens from the collection of K. 

 Otaki from Karasaki on Lake Biwa, Maebara on Lake Biwa, and the 

 neighboring village of tisheries, called Matsubara; the Yodo River at 

 Osaka, Noyshiro (collection K. Otaki), and Matsubara on Lake Biwa 

 (collection C. Ishikawa). 



This tish is known only from Lake Biwa and its outlet, Yodo River, 

 being locally very abundant, and known commonly as Wadaka. It 

 grows to a large size, and is sold in the markets of Maebara, Otsu, and 

 Osaka, but it is little valued as food, 



(Named for its discoverer, Francisque Steenacker.) 



20. CARASSIUS Nilsson. 

 Carassms NiLssoN, Prodromus, Ichthy. ScaiuL, 1832 {carassius). 



Body oblong, compressed and elevated. Mouth terminal, without 

 barbels. Teeth 4—4, molar, but compressed. Scales large. Lateral 

 line continuous. Dorsal fins very long, with the third ray developed 

 into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short with a sundar 

 spine. Ventrals well forward. Large species of the fresh waters of 

 Europe and Asia; often domesticated. 



{carasdus, a Latinization of the vernacular names Karass or 

 Karausche, applied to the European Crucian carp, O. carassius.) 



