A REVIE^A^ OF TITi: CYPRINOID FISHES Ol' JAPAN. 



By David Stakk Jordan and Heniiy W. Fowlki:. 



Of till- fyr/iiiid SlanfiinJ Junior rnlni-aih/. 



In the present paper is oi\ en an account of the Cvprinida', oi- carp- 

 like lishes, known to inha])it the rivers and lakes of Japan. In Japan, 

 as in most other regions outside of Polynesia, Australia, and South 

 America, the Cyp)'inid{v far outnumber all other fresh-water iishes, 

 and probahlv nuniei'ous species yet remain undescribed, especially in 

 the rivers of Kiusiu. This paper is l)ased on material belong-ing to the 

 United States National Museum and to the museum of Leland Stan- 

 ford Junior University. Most of it was collected in lUOO by Pro- 

 fessors Jordan and Snyder. The illustrative plates are drawn by ]\Irs. 

 Chloe Lesley Starks and Mr. Charles Bradley Hudson. 



Family CYPRINID.E. 



CARPS. 



Margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries alone; lower 

 pharyngeal bones well developed, falciform, nearly parallel with the 

 gill arches, each provided with 1 to 3 series of teeth in small number, 

 i to 7 in the main row, and a less number in the others, if more are 

 present. Head naked: body usually scaly. Barbels 2 or 4, often 

 absent. Belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated. 

 Gill openiug-s moderate, the meml)ranes ])roadly joined to the isthnms. 

 Branchiostegals always 3. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudo- 

 branchia^ usually present. No adipose fin. Dorsal tin short or elon- 

 gate. Ventral tins abdominal. Air l)ladder usually large, coiumonly 

 divided into an anterior and a posterior lobe, not inclosed in a l)ony 

 capsule, rarely wanting. Stomach without appendag(\s. ai)p('ariiig as 

 a simple enlargement of the intestines. Fishes mostly of moderate or 

 small size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the Old A\'orld and of North 

 America, excessively abundant where found, both in individuals and 

 species. The spring, or ])reeding dress, of the males i:s often peculiar. 

 The top of the head, and often the tins or various portions of the body, 

 are covered with small tubercles, outgrowths from the epidermis. 



Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXVI— No. 1334. 



