AUT. 11 COMMON OLD WORLD SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLY CLARK 3 



can form. The American examples, he said, come nearest — and in- 

 deed are very near — to the variety from the Himalaj-as. 



In 1883, Edwards said that the Himalayan and the American forms 

 should be united under one name, unless, when more is known 

 of the latter, greater differences appear than we now discover. 



In " The Butterfly Book," published in 1898, Dr. W. J. Holland, 

 under Papilio aliaska, wrote that " thus far this insect has been re- 

 ceived only from Alaska." Under the name of Papilio vmchaon var. 

 aliaska he figured, without comment, a specimen that did not come 

 from Alaska at all, but was the one collected by Drexler at Rupert 

 House that Scudder in 1869 said had been sent him by Edwards. 

 He later returned it to Edwards, and it came into the possession of 

 Doctor Holland through his acquisition of the Edwards collection. 



In 1905, M. Roger Verity placed P. m. kamtschadalus Alpheraky in 

 the synonymy of P. aliaska Scudder, and said that aliaska is found 

 in the peninsula of Kamchatka and in Alaska. He gave a colored 

 figure of a specimen from Kamchatka identified as aliaska^ which, 

 except for the narrower black border of the hind wings, very 

 closely resembles Holland's figure of Papilio machaon var. aliaska. 

 Verity cited Holland's figure, which he evidently considered as rep- 

 resenting true aliaska Scudder. 



In 1906, Wright, in his " Butterflies of the West Coast," recorded 

 Papilio zolicaon from Port Wrangel, Alaska, on the southern side of 

 the base of the Alaska peninsula. This is far beyond the range of 

 that species, and the record must have been based upon a specimen of 

 P. m. aliaska. 



In their revision of the American swallowtails published in 1906, 

 Lord Rothschild and Dr. Karl Jordan gave a synonymy of Papilio 

 '/nachaon aliaska^ which included notices of individuals from the 

 Hudson Bay region as well as from Alaska and Yukon. The range 

 of the subspecies as given by them — Alaska ; Oregon ; Hudson Bay — 

 in the west broadly overlaps the ranges of P. sdicaon and of the 

 yellow form {oregonia) of P. l)air(Li. The inclusion of Oregon was 

 based upon the mention by W. H. Edwards in 1882 of a specimen of 

 aliaska from The Dalles on the Columbia River in Wasco County, 

 Oreg., which was probably in reality zelicaon., though possibly P. 

 hairdi form oregonia. Whatever it was it was certainly not aliaska. 

 In their synonymy they designated as false the statement made by 

 Edwards that Papilio machaon aliaska is the Himalayan form of the 

 species, and they do not question the correctness of the identification 

 of the figure published by Doctor Holland. In the key to the Ameri- 

 can species of the Machaon group, aliaska was paired with Papilio 

 hairdi form oregonia., from which it was differentiated by the ab- 

 sence of a black pupil from the anal ocellus. In the text it was com- 

 pared only with the very different P. m. kamtschadalus, evidently on 



