LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE TROGINAE IN NORTH AMERICA 5 



The larva of the nearly cosmopolitan T. suberosus Fab. was briefly 

 described by Sim (1934) from North America. Denier (1936) figured 

 the head capsule and mandibles of T. suberosus from South America. 

 Hayward (1936) in the same publication provided photographs of 

 the egg, larva, pupa, and adult of T. suberosus. Denier and Hayward 

 were reporting on the significance of T. suberosus as a predator of the 

 eggs of the migratory locust. 



Van Emden (1941) included the larvae of T. scaber and T. hispidus 

 in a key to the British lamellicornia larvae. He figured the left antenna 

 of T. scaber and noted that in his larvae the spinules did not occur 

 posterior to the fold of abdominal segment seven which bears the 

 long setae. He further noted that whereas he regarded this as the second 

 fold, Henriksen (1925) evidendy considered it as the third fold. The 

 area in contention above is referred to in this paper as dorsal lobe two 

 (DL2), and is the median lobe of abdominal segment seven, beyond 

 which the spinules do not occur in this species. 



The larvae of T. scaber and T. hispidus also were included by Paulian 

 (1943) in a key to the scarabacoid larvae of France, wherein he sep- 

 arated the larvae of these species in the same manner as van Emden 

 (1941). His figure of the epipharynx of T. scaber is somewhat different, 

 however, from that of my material. 



Gardner (1946) briefly described the larva of T. procerus Harold 

 from India. The larva of T. procerus was described in greater detail by 

 van Emden (1948). Van Emden also described the larva of T. costatus 

 VVied. and figured the third stage larva of T. procerus and spiracles of 

 T. scaber^ T. procerus, and T. costatus. He illustrated the supporting 

 struts beneath the respiratory plates since they appeared to be different 

 in the species he had at hand. In this study the struts have been 

 found to be too variable to allow separation at the species level. 



Peterson (1951) characterized Trox larvae at the generic level for 

 North America and commented on the general biology of the group. 



Paulian (1956) again separated the larvae of Trox from those of 

 other scarabaeids of France. He figured the entire larva, epipharynx, 

 and terminal segments (ventral aspect) of T. perlatus F. 



The larva of T. sabulosus L. was briefly characterized by Panin 

 (1957), and the terminal abdominal segment (posterior view) and 

 prothoracic leg figured. His figures are so distincdy different from all 

 known figures of Trox larvae that it is quite possible that they are 

 actually those of some other genus. 



Roffey (1958) described the larva and biology of T. procerus Har. 

 in great detail. From his figures, however, it would appear that 

 Roffey was actually working with more tlian one species. 



The most comprehensive treatment of Trox larvae to date is that 

 of Ritcher (1966), wherein he has presented a key for the separation 

 of the larvae of the suberosus group as recognized by Erichson (1847) 



