4 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETEST 2 79 



This study was supported by National Science Foundation grants 

 GB 3586 and G 17935, and by other funds from the Oregon Agri- 

 cultural Experiment Station. 



Literature Review 



The first description of a Trox larva was evidently that of Waterhouse 

 (1836) who described the larva of Trox arenarius Fabricius, synonym 

 of T. scaler (L.), in a paper on the larvae and pupae of coleopterous 

 insects. 



Schiodte (1874) described a single larva of Trox sabuloms L. at great 

 length, but according to Meinert (1895) this larva was not that of 

 sabulosus. Meinert had collected this larva himself along with a single 

 imago in Algeria and had loaned it to Schiodte. Meinert believed it 

 to be the larva of T. fabricii Reiche. 



The larva of T. scaler (L.) was again described by Xambeau (1892) 

 who later also added a description of the egg and general biology 

 (1895). The larva of T. perlatus Goeze was described by Xambeau 

 (1896) in detail, again without any figures, 



Fabre (1903) described the habits of the larvae and adults of T. 

 perlatus and noted their importance in the conversion of dead animal 

 material. 



The larvae of T. hispidus Pontoppidan and T. scaler (L.) were 

 described by Henriksen (1925). He characterized the larva of T. 

 hispidus as possessing a black head capsule and with spinules only on 

 the first fold of abdominal segment seven. The larva of T. scaler had 

 a reddish head capsule and with spinules on all three folds of abdominal 

 segment seven. 



Hayes (1929) was the first to describe the larva of a species of Trox 

 in North America. He figured the lateral aspect of the larva, the 

 cephalic aspect of the head capsule, the epipharynx, and the left 

 prothoracic spiracle of what was probably T. unistriatus Beauv. 



Boving and Craighead (1931) briefly characterized larvae of the 

 genus Trox in a couplet of a key to the families and subfamilies of the 

 Scarabaeoidea. They were the first to recognize the presence of both 

 biforous and cribriform spiracles within the genus. They noted that 

 larvae of T. scaler (L.), T. aequalis Say, and T. unistriatus Beauv. 

 possessed biforous spiracles and the larva of T. oligonus Loom is (syno- 

 nym of Omorgus texanus LeConte) possessed cribriform spiracles. 



The egg, larva, pupa, and adult of T. costatus Wied. were described 

 by Leefmans (1932) from material reared from adults collected in the 

 Mampu Cave in South-Celebes. He experimented with various diets, 

 achieving success with bat guano or dead insects, or a mixture of both. 



