210 SIMULATION OF DANAIN/E. 



stage, where the female is departing from the ancestral 

 purplish black and brown, still retained by the male, and 

 acquiring a close resemblance to the protected Danaid. 

 This species is further interesting in the fact that the under 

 sides of the wings of both males and females are marked 

 and coloured very much like brown and withered leaves, to 

 which they bear a close resemblance when they are folded 

 and the insects are at rest. 



There are found in Africa, India and many parts of the 

 Oriental regions a large number of butterflies belonging to 

 the DanaincE which are of a general black or very dark 

 brown colour, variously marked with yellow, cream, or 

 pearly-tinted white : large and handsome insects, more or 

 less similar in general appearance. They are very plentiful 

 in the regions where they are found, are slow-flying and 

 apparently fearless insects, are possessed of the toughness 

 and nauseousness which characterize the Danaince and are 

 generally avoided by the birds, monkeys, lizards and other 

 animals whose food consists partly or wholely of insects. 



Amongst these DanaincE are Atnanris niaviiis, A. 

 doniinicanus, and A. ecJieria, already referred to, with other 

 species such as A. inferna, A. ocJilea, and A. damocles ; and 

 associated with them are a number of other butterflies of 

 the sub-family NyviphalincB, including several species of 

 Euralia, Hypolimnas, Psendacrcea, and other genera, all of 

 which closely resemble the various Danaince in the company 

 of which they are found. There are also seen in the same 

 regions others of the Danaince of somewhat similar 

 colouring to those last named, but with the markings more 

 in the shape of broad lines and spots than in large 

 patches of colour. Included in these are several species of 

 Paralitica, which have a wide distribution in India, from 

 Assam to the south. The simulators of these butterflies 

 are found in several sub-families, including the Papilionince^ 

 Nymphalince, Pierince, &c., and even amongst the moths. 



