2o8 SIMULATION OF LIMNAS CHRYSIPPUS. 



chocolate white and black are absent and the comparatively 

 uniform colouring of dorippus is assumed. In other areas 

 where the female cluysippus takes the form of alcippus, the 

 female of H. viissipus also varies in the same direction 

 taking the form alcippoides, the hind wings being nearly all 

 white, whilst the black and white of the fore wings are 

 retained. The types and varieties of these butterflies are 

 illustrated in Plate IV. 



H. inisippus is not, however, confined to the regions 

 where L. cJirysippus is found. The type form of juisippus 

 is established, for instance, in some parts of tropical South 

 America and in the West Indies, where chrysippiis does not 

 occur. It may perhaps be assumed from this fact that the 

 protection which these two species derive from mutual 

 resemblance is due, where it occurs, rather to the Mullerian 

 than to the Batesian form of simulation. 



Of L. chrysippits there are simulating butterflies in 

 many of the localities where it and its varieties are found. 

 One of these, Argynnis nipJie, from Burma, is illustrated on 

 Plate IV. The upper surfaces of the wings of both male 

 and female are a rich golden bronze colour with deep black 

 spots distributed over their whole area. In the female, 

 however, the apices of the fore wings are black with white 

 patches and spots, and the insect bears a strong resemblance 

 to the female chrysippiis, for which it might easily be mistaken. 



Salatura genutia is another of the brownish yellow 

 Danaince which has a wide range in the East. This 

 butterfly is marked with broad black lines which follow 

 the neuration of the wings, the tips of the fore wings being, 

 like chrysippiis, black, with white patches and spots. In 

 the same regions, India, Burma, &c., is found another 

 butterfly, Elymnias itudiilaris, the female of which is verj' 

 similar togcuutia in colours and markings, although the latter 

 are not so close as in the two cases last referred to. (See 

 Plate IV.) It appears to be an instance of a transitional 



