SIMULATION OF LIMNAS CHRVSIPPUS. 207 



black and white markings and spots of the well known 

 Danaid Livinas chrysippiis. All these species and varieties 

 are illustrated in Figures ii and I2. 



Another instance of the tendency of unprotected 

 butterflies to follow varieties which may arise in a protected 

 species, occurs in the several female forms of Hypolininas 

 niisippiis, belonging to the sub-family Nymp]ialince. 



The Danaid, Linmas cJirysippics, already referred to, has 

 a very wide geographical range, extending over the whole 

 of the African continent, Southern Asia and into the 

 Malay Peninsula and islands. The colouring of the type 

 is a yellowish brown deepening into chocolate on the fore 

 wings ; the bodies are black with small white spots, and the 

 apices of the fore wings are black with large white spots 

 across. In East Africa there is found a variety of the 

 female, (var. dorippics), in which the chocolate, black and 

 white of the fore wings do not appear, all the wings 

 being of a light ochreous brown with very dark brown, 

 almost black, margins. In West Africa, in another female 

 variety of this butterfly (var. alcippus), the fore wings are 

 the same as in the type, but the hind wings are suffused 

 with white. At Aden the type of cJirysippiis and its two 

 female varieties are all found. 



All these varieties of chrysippus are simulated in the 

 above regions by females of the Nymphalid, Hypolininas 

 misippus. The male of this butterfly is black, with a large 

 white patch in about the centre of each wing, the patches 

 being bordered with deep shot blue. The females are 

 however quite dissimilar. In nearly the whole of the great 

 area over which the type female of Lininas chrysippus 

 ranges, it is simulated by the female of H. misippus, the 

 brown and chocolate with white and black markings and 

 margins being closely copied. But in some localities 

 where the dorippus variety of chrysippus occurs, the female 

 misippus varies also and resembles it, and in var. inaria the 



