BIEDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275 



Order COLUMBIFORMES.^ 



PIGEON-LIKE BIRDS. 



"^Columhae Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xxxvii, 1853, 643 (includes Aepiornisl). 



= Columbae Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1277, 1567. — 

 Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xxi, 1893, xi, 1. — Gadow, Classif. Vertebr., 

 1898, 35. — Evans, Cambridge Nat. Hist., ix, 325. — Oberholser, Outl. 

 Classif. N. Am. Birds, 1905, 3.— Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 50, 

 408. 



==Peristeromorphse Huxley, Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond., 1867, 459, 460. — Newton, 

 Encyc. Brit., 9th ed., iii, 1875, 699. 



=Gyrantes Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868, 311. 



'^Pullastrx Cope, Am. Nat., xxiii, Oct., 1889, 871, 873 (includes Gallinx Peris- 

 teropodes and Pterocloformes) . 



"^Columbifonnes Fuerbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1567 (in- 

 cludes Pterocloformes). 



<C,Columbi/ormes Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Class. Birds, 1891, 70 (excludes 

 Geophaps!). 



= Columbiformes Sharpe, Hand-list, i, 1899, xi, 51. 



'^Pteroclo-Columbx Knowlton, Birds of the World, 1909, 49 (includes Ptero- 

 cloformes) . 



=Giratores Blainville, Journ. de Physique, Ixxxi, 1816, 252. 



=Bipositorcs Eyton, Osteologia Avium, 1867, pp. vii, 155. 



= Columbacei or Gemitores Owen, Anat. Vertebrates, ii, 1866, 10. 



=Pms<ereae Haeckel, Gen. Morphol., ii, 1866, cxli. 



=Peristeroidese Sundevall, Tentamen, 1873, 97. 



<^Columboidex Stejneger, Science Record, ii, 1884, 155 (excludes Raphi). 



Terrestrial or arboreal granivorous, frugivorous, or phytophagous 

 birds with palate schizognathous, nasals schizorhinal or (in Gouridae) 

 pseudo-holorhinal ; dorsal vertebrae heterocoelous (their ankylosis 

 Galline); subclavicular processes present; cgeca nonfunctional, and 

 young gymnopsedic and nidicolous. 



Basipterygoid processes present (except in Suborder Raphi) and 

 placed medially; angle of mandible neither produced nor recurved, 

 but abruptly truncated; subclavicular processes present; cervical ver- 

 tebrae 14-16; spina interna sterni usually present but small, some- 

 times absent ; spina externa present ; metasternum usually 4-notched 

 (the inner pair of notches sometimes converted into foramina), 

 sometimes (in genus Geophaps) with only two notches, the sternum 

 very narrow;^ furcula well-developed (except in Suborder Raphi), 

 U-shaped, without hypocleideum; basal end of coracoids in contact 



«In the "Key to the Orders of the Subclass Ornithurse" on pages 8-12 of Part I 

 of this work, following Fuerbringer and Gadow, the Columbiformes are merged with 

 the Charadriiformes (page 11); but the Pigeons, together with their nearest allies, 

 the extinct Dodo and Solitaire, are so sharply circumscribed a group that, like the 

 Parrots, they seem to be entitled to rank as a distinct Order. 



6 '\^Tien there are four notches the lateral processes are much shorter than the inner 

 ones, as in the Order Galliformes. 



