HOODED CROW 295 



perate parts of range, but migrate from Scandinavia, north-central 

 Europe, and colder parts of Russia. The winter range extends south 

 to Spain and Portugal, central and south Italy, Sicily, Corsica, and 

 Sardinia, the Balkan Peninsula, Cyprus, and southwestern Asia. 



Spring migration. — Birds from northern and eastern Europe that 

 have wintered in England leave the east coast between mid-February 

 and the third week of April, the movement being at its height on the 

 coast of Suffolk at the end of March and early in April. Banding 

 records show that these birds come from as far away as northwestern 

 Russia and as near as Holland, as well as from intermediate regions, 

 including northern Germany, east Prussia, and Lithuania. Many birds, 

 and at times very large numbers indeed, pass over Heligoland on the 

 spring migration, the earliest date recorded by Gatke being February 4, 

 and many pass through Germany in March and April on their way to 

 the Baltic Provinces and Russia. Migrants in Italy and Greece leave 

 in March and early April, the latest date recorded by C. J. Alexander 

 for the Rome district being April 7. In central Spain rooks are stated 

 to be (at least locally) common until March and in the north a flock 

 has been observed as late as April 18. 



Fall migration. — In fall (from mid-September) the main movement of 

 rooks on the Continent of Europe is westward from the northeastern, 

 eastern, and central regions toward France, Belgium, and eastern Eng- 

 land. The birds that winter in the last-named area mostly arrive from 

 the end of September to the third week of November. Alexander's 

 (1927) earliest date for arrival in the Rome district was October 28. 

 In western Greece, according to some observers, rooks arrive in Oc- 

 tober, and Lord Lilford (1860) says toward the end of the month, but 

 about mid-November seems more usual. In central Spain rooks are 

 described as being present from November. 



Casual records. — Recorded occasionally or casually from east Green- 

 land, Iceland, the Faeroes, Novaya Zemlya, northwestern Siberia, the 

 Azores, Madeira, Balearic Islands, Malta, Algeria, and Egypt. 



CORVUS CORNIX CORNIX Linnaeus 

 HOODED CROW 



Contributed by Bernard William Tucker 



HABITS 



The claim of the hooded or gray crow to a place on the American 

 list rests on its casual occurrence in east Greenland, where Schalow 

 (1904) states that several examples have been collected by Danish 



