BRYOZOA OF THE PHILIPPINE REGION 413 



therefore I retain it with Schizoporella, and it belongs to the S. cecili 

 Audouin group." In 1920 13 we admitted this opinion. The genus 

 Escharina of Levinsen does not appear more natural than the 

 genus Schizoporella. As paleontologists we did not go into the matter 

 further but now since we have studied specimens from the Gulf of 

 Mexico and the Philippines we have arrived at the following: 



1. The operculum figured by Levinsen, 1909, is more exact than the 

 figure of Waters, 1909; this species is not an Arthropoma. 



2. We have observed all the essential characters of Mastigophora, 

 namely, recumbent ovicell, complete and salient peristome, distal 

 tongue, frontal with tremocyst and avicularia placed exactly as in 

 Mastigophora dutertrei. 



3. The only difference is the palmate form of the mandibles which 

 are not setiform. 



Considering that the form of the mandibles varies very much in 

 the same colony (Cellepora) and even on the same zooecium (Smittina) 

 we can not regard this as a generic character. The genus Masti- 

 gophora can have species with varied mandibles like many other 

 genera of cheilostomes (Smittina, Schizomavella, Retepora, etc.). 



We do not hesitate therefore to class Hippothoa pesanseris Smitt, 

 1872, in Mastigophora, and we would add even to the same genus 

 the Lepralia simplex Johnston, 1847, which is totally deprived of 

 avicularia. 



The zoarium encrusts shells, orbitoides, and other bryozoa (Adeonel- 

 lopsis). The avicularia are without pivot; the ancestrular zooecia 

 are frequently deprived of avicularia. The ancestrula is an ordinary, 

 small zooecium. 



The peristome bears six spines. Their union combined with the 

 great development of the inferior lip of the peristome forms the 

 complex peristomie of the genus Schizobathysella. 



The operculum is very fragile and difficult to prepare. 



Biology. — Dead or alive, almost all of our specimens are ovicelled 

 and often ancestrulated. Reproduction probably occurred through- 

 out the year but the abundance of specimens in a given region has no 

 connection with the fertility of this species. The larva must have a 

 great number of enemies. 



This is a species of slight depth (16-113 meters), but it can, how- 

 ever, accidentally descend to much greater depths. It is sensitive 

 to temperature, for it is rare in great depths and has its abode in the 

 equatorial zone. The fertility gives it a distribution throughout the 

 equatorial zone. It is always attached to small fragments. The 

 palmate mandibles are perhaps in relationship with a special mode of 

 nutrition. 



"Xorth American Early Tertiary Bryozoa, p. 351, flg. 105. 



