426 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



c 2 . Scales rougher; first dorsal with a blackish median spot; a dark 

 bar above the lateral line below origin of second dorsal (some- 

 times indistinct) ; a species of the western Atlantic 



carminatus. 



6*. Median scale of terminal rostral tubercles much more produced than 



the lateral pair; scaleless ventral fossa shield-shaped, two-thirds as 



wide as long; a species of the western Atlantic caribbaeus. 



a\ Spinules on scales arranged in definite series ; a median occipital scaly 



ridge present ; species of the eastern Pacific and Patagonia. 



&\ Spinules on scales in subparallel series; species of the eastern Pacific. 



&. Spinules weak, the median series not enlarged; five rows of scales 



between lateral line and origin of second dorsal ; a species from 



Panama canus. 



c 2 . Spinules strong, with an enlarged median series ; six rows of scales 

 between lateral line and origin of second dorsal ; a species from 



the Gulf of California scaphopsis. 



b 2 . Spinules on scales in an enlarged median series and divergent lateral 

 series ; four rows of scales between lateral line and origin of second 



dorsal; a species from Patagonia patagoniae. 



B 2 . Suboperele with a conspicuous acute flap on its posterior margin ; snout 



variable, but usually very long ; ridges of the head strong, and armed 



with thickened, highly specialized .scales. 



C\ Spinules on scales on parallel or subparallel carinae of equal strength; 



anus usually in advance of normal position just before anal fin; 



height of second dorsal equal to, or greater than, postrostral length 



of head; 1 body with definite dark markings; 2 au apparently natural 



group of small species of the south and west Pacific 3 _PAKAMACKURUs. 



a 1 . Under side of head completely scaled ; Australian species. 



6 1 . Eye longer than snout; occipital ridges very weak; boundaries of 

 scales on head indistinct; 8 rows of scales above lateral line; 

 interdorsal space one-third as long as base of first dorsal ; dark 



bars extending obliquely forward * aspercephalus. 



b 2 . Eye shorter than snout ; occipital ridges stronger ; boundaries of 

 scales on head distinct ; 5 rows of scales above lateral line ; inter- 

 dorsal space equal to length of first dorsal base; dark bars ex- 

 tending obliquely backward australis. 



a 2 . Under side of head completely scaleless; 5 species of the Japanese, 

 Hawaiian, and Philippine faunas (with the exception of C. fasoiatus 

 and C. innotaMUs) „ 

 &. Snout much shorter than the very large orbit ; a subantarctic 



species fasciatus. 



c 2 . Snout scarcely if any shorter than the orbit, usually longer. 



<Z\ A round blackish spot always present just above and behind pec- 

 toral fin; second dorsal fin much lower anteriorly than anal. 



1 Except in C. innotaMUs, known only from young type ; character unknown in C. 

 cingulatu8. 



- Except in C. innotaMUs. 



3 C. fasciatus has been recorded from South Africa. 



1 We are uncertain as to the relationships of this peculiar species. It possibly does 

 not belong to this genus. 



5 This statement has been verified by examination of all the species included in group 

 a?, with the exception of C. innotaMUs, which is not closely related to either C. asper- 

 cephalus of C. australis. 



