298 BULLETIN 186, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 

 ORIOLUS XANTHORNUS XANTHORNUS (Linnaeus) 



Bengalese Black-headed Oriole 



[Coracias] Xanthomas Linnaeus, Systema naturae, ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 108 

 ("America," error=Bengal, ex Edwards). 



Oriolus melanocephalus, Gyldenstolpe, Kungl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., 

 1913, p. 34 (Pak Pan, Den Chai) ; 1916, p. 23 (Pha Kho, Pang Hua Phong, 

 Khun Tan, Tha Chomphu) ; Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, 1915, p. 168 

 (listed). 



Oriolus luteolus thaiacous, Gyldenstolpe, Ibis, 1920, p. 452 ("Throughout 

 the whole country"). 



Oriolus xanthornis thaiacous, de Schauensee, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 

 1928, p. 557 (Chiang Mai). 



Oriolus xanthornus xanthornus, de Schauensee, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phila- 

 delphia, 1929, p. 557 (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chiang Saen) ; 1934, p. 

 232 (Khun Tan, Doi Suthep, Doi Chiang Dao). — Deignan, Journ. Siam Soc. 

 Nat. Hist. Suppl., 1931, p. 150 (Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep) ; 1936, p. 102 (Chiang 

 Mai, Doi Suthep).— Riley, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 172, 1938, p. 295 (Ban 

 Nam Khian, "Doi Phra Chao" [=Doi Saket ?], Mae Khan). 



The black-headed oriole is a very common permanent resident 

 throughout the northern provinces, inhabiting the lowland deciduous 

 and mixed-deciduous forests and ascending the hills in this type of 

 vegetation to about 2,850 feet. 



This is the most numerous and best known oriole of our area. Its 

 notes and habits are not markedly different from those of the races 

 of chinensis. 



Breeding probably takes place during the hot weather, at which 

 season the beautiful whistled song may be heard on all sides in the 

 dry forests. Immatures in postjuvenal molt have been taken be- 

 tween July 25 and August 6; adults in postnuptial molt, between 

 August 4 and September 9. 



Gyldenstolpe states that his specimens had the irides crimson 

 (adults) or brown (immatures) the bill rosy pink (adults) or black 

 (immatures) ; the feet and toes plumbeous (adults) or black 

 (immatures). 



Adults resemble a smaller O. c. dijfusus but may always be known by 

 their having the entire head, neck, and center of the upper breast 

 black. Immatures have the top and sides of the head (except for 

 the yellow forehead) black, indistinctly streaked with yellow; the 

 throat white, streaked with black (these streaks continued onto the 

 yellow breast). 



ORIOLUS TRAILLII TRAILLII (Vigors) 



Himalayan Maroon Oriole 



Pastor Traillii Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corr. Zool. Soc. London, pt. 1, 1830- 

 1831 [= 1832], p. 175 (Himalayas; type locality restricted to Darjiling by 

 Stuart Baker, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. 27, 1921, p. 698). 



