1386 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 23 7 pabt 3 



County, Minnesota, [and] in Michigan, by Alvin R. Cahn (1920, p. 116; 1918, 

 p. 497), and in Wisconsin, by Robbins (1949). Rowan (1922, p. 229) found 

 this sparrow rearing a young cowbird at Indian Bay, Manitoba. Snyder and 

 Logier (1930, pp. 194-195) found a parasitized nest in York County, Ontario. 

 Harrington and Beaupre" collected other parasitized nests in Ontario, which are 

 now in the Royal Ontario Museum. J. D. Carter (1906, p. 32) reported a nest 

 in Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Hooper and Hooper (1954) noted a fledgling 

 cowbird being fed by a white-throated sparrow in the Somme district, Sas- 

 katchewan. T. E. Randall and A. D. Henderson wrote me of at least seven 

 parasitized nests in Alberta. 



Reports of the predation of white-throats by raptors do not appear 

 commonly in the literature. A. C. Bent (1938) described the capture 

 of a white-throat by an eastern pigeon hawk, and the white-throat 

 may well be included in Mr. Bent's term "various other sparrows" 

 which he lists as food of the peregrine falcon, sparrow hawk, and 

 great horned, screech, barred, long-eared, short-eared, Richardson's, 

 and saw-whet owls. Lowther watched a short-eared owl chase a 

 white-throated sparrow unsuccessfully at Mills Lake, District of 

 Mackenzie, Sept. 5, 1957. 



Some mammals are known to raid the nests of small birds. The 

 only mammal suspected of disrupting white-throated sparrow nests 

 in the Algonquin Park study was the red fox, inferred from the 

 condition of two nests found destroyed and the response of a fox to 

 a recording of a white-throat's distress call. 



A number of types of external parasites have been found on white- 

 throated sparrows. Joseph C. Bequaert (1956) lists three genera of 

 louse flies: Ornithoica vicina, Ornithomyia fringillina and Lynchia 

 americana. Only one tick, Ixodes brunneus was reported by R. A. 

 Cooley and G. M. Kohls (1945) as occurring on this species. G. F. 

 Bennett (MS.) reported the larvae of the botfly, Protocalliphora 

 metallica on nestling birds. Bennett (1961) collected a number of 

 black flies, Simulium aureum, S. "latipes," S. croxtoni, S. rugglesi, 

 and Prosimulium decemarticulatum, five sandflies, Culicoides crepus- 

 cularis, C. sphagnumensis, C. stilobezzioides, C. obsoletus and C. 

 haematopotus, and one mosquito, Aedes canadensis from white- throated 

 sparrows in Algonquin Park. 



The internal parasites found in the white-throat can be divided 

 into two major groups — visceral parasites and blood parasites. Three 

 of the visceral parasites are trematodes. E. E. Byrd and J. E. Denton 

 (1950) list Tanaisia zarudryi in the white-throat, and Denton and 

 Byrd (1951) add Zonorchis alveyi and Brachylecithum nanum. R. C. 

 Anderson (1957, 1959) reports two nematodes, Aproctella stoddardi 

 and Diplotriaena thomasi from the body cavity. The blood parasites 

 found in this bird include the nematode Aproctella stoddardi and the 



