EASTERN NIGHTHAWK 231 



Cats and dogs become enemies of the city dwellers in the event the 

 young leave the nest prematurely and land on the streets below. 



Nighthawks have a remarkable protective coloration and have 

 developed methods of deception such as imitating a wounded indi- 

 vidual when an enemy approaches the nesting site. At times they 

 assume an attitude of aggression; i. e., raising their elongated wings 

 in a vertical position and hissing in defiance at an intruder. 



DISTRIBUTION 



Range. — The Western Hemisphere generally, from Yukon to 

 Patagonia. 



Breeding range. — The breeding range of the nighthawk extends 

 north to Yukon (Sixty-mile River and probably Lapierres House) ; 

 Mackenzie probably Fort Goodhope, probably Fort Franklin, 

 Fort Resolution, and Hill Island Lake) ; northern Saskatchewan 

 (Methye Portage, Stanley, and Reindeer River) ; northern Man- 

 itoba (probably Du Brochet Lake, Grand Rapids, and probably 

 Churchill) ; northern Ontario (Martin Falls, probably Fort Albany, 

 and probably Moose Factory) ; and Quebec (Lake Mistassini, 

 Godbout, and Mingan Island). The eastern boundary of the 

 range extends from this point southward through the coastal re- 

 gions of the Maritime Provinces, the Eastern United States, 

 the Bahama Islands (Nassau), to Puerto Rico (Mayaguez). South 

 to Puerto Rico (Mayaguez) ; Haiti (Ilinche and Jean Rubel) ; Ja- 

 maica (Port Henderson and Grand Cayman) ; Cuba (Isle of Pines) ; 

 southern Texas (Brownsville, San Antonio, Kerrville, and Pecos) ; 

 Chihuahua (Babicora) ; Sonora (Oposura and Los Nogales) ; and 

 southern California (San Bernardino Mountains and Pine Knot). 

 West to California (Pine Knot, Mona Lake, Grass Valley, and Eu- 

 reka) ; western Oregon (Medford, Eugene, Corvallis, Portland, and 

 St. Helen) ; western Washington (Bumping Lake, Gig Harbor, 

 Seattle, and Blaine) ; British Columbia (Errington, Courtenay, Fort 

 St. James, and Hazleton) ; southeastern Alaska (Wrangell) ; and 

 western Yukon (Carcross, Whitehorse, and Sixty-mile River). 



Winter range. — ^^Hien the numerical abundance and extensive breed- 

 ing range of this species are considered, it is surprising that knowl- 

 edge concerning the winter range should be extremely limited. It 

 seems certain, however, that it is entirely in South America north to 

 Colombia (Antioquia) ; Venezuela (Orinoco Valley) ; and central 

 Brazil (Matto Grosso). East to southeastern Brazil (Matto Grosso, 

 Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro) ; Uruguay (Concepcion) ; and Argen- 

 tina (Barracas and La Plata). South to central Argentina (La Plata 

 and Cordova). West to Argentina (Cordova, Santiago, Tucuman, 

 and the Gran Chaco) ; western Paraguay (Asuncion) ; western Brazil 



