FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 3 



Heber A. Longman, director of the Queensland Museum in Brisbane, 

 and Tom Marshall, of the same institution, for their kindness and 

 assistance in showing me some of the fishes in their collections. A 

 few of these are noted in the present work. In the designation of the 

 type locality, if more than one locality is given by an author it is 

 understood that the first in sequence be so restricted. 



One new species is proposed herein — Puntius sihukensis (p. 799). 



Class PISCES 



Skull formed with sutures and with membrane bones, as opercle, 

 preopercle, etc., present. Skeleton usually bony, though sometimes 

 cartilaginous. Gill openings as one or several apertures each side of 

 pharynx. Gills filamentous, outer edges free, bases joined to bony 

 arches, of which usually 4 pairs and fifth pair are typically formed 

 as tooth-bearing lower pharyngeals. Air bladder at first a lung 

 formed on lower side of esophagus, but in later forms placed superior, 

 becomes degraded into a swim-vessel, or entirely lost with age. 

 Heart with auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb. Eggs small. Fins 

 median and paired, latter with distinct rays. 



This vast assemblage of fishlike vertebrates exceeds all others of 

 recent time. A number are known only as fossils, many of which 

 are not sufficiently preserved to show the important characters of 

 their anatomy. 



The Leptocardii (lancelets) and Cyclostomi (lampreys), usually 

 included with all fishlike vertebrate faunas, are not known from any 

 undoubted fossil remains and comprise but a small number of living 

 forms. The opinions of many writers vary as to the value of the 

 different subclasses included in the class Pisces, though most all 

 agree as to the status of the lancelets and lampreys. I have admitted 

 five, the Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Dipnoi, Crossopterygia, and 

 Teleostomi. All but the Dipnoi and Crossopterygia, whose living 

 members are fresh-water forms, are represented in the collections here 

 studied. 



ANALYSIS OF SUBCLASSES 



a*. Teeth not implanted in jaws ; skeleton more or less incompletely of carti- 

 lage ; skull without membrane bones, as opercle, peropercle, etc. ; no 

 air bladder ; male with claspers. 

 W. Jaws distinct from skull, connected by suspensory bones; teeth distinct; 



gill openings slitlike along side of neck, 5 to 7 ELASMOBRANCHII 



6'. Jaws coalesced with skull ; teeth united and formed as bony plates ; gill 



opening single each side of neck, leads to 4 gill slits HOLOCEPHALI 



tt\ Teeth implanted in jaws ; skeleton more or less bony ; skull with membrane 

 bones, as opercle, suborbitals, etc. ; air bladder present ; gill opening single 

 each side of neck; no claspers TELEOSTOMI 



