LACEBUGS OF THE WORLD 



antenniferous 

 process * 



buccula 



paranotum 



constricted-- 

 rostral sulcus 



ostiolar 



canal 



costal area — 



hypocostal 



lamina 



metarhoracic -=.— 

 wings 



Figure 3. — Structures used in classification: Vatiga illudens (Drake), ventral aspect. 



size and habitus, and their separation from each other is based largely on 

 the antennal characters of the adults. The last nymphal stage (pi. 19) also 

 furnishes additional characters in the pronotal carinae. However, the cecidia 

 (pis. 20, 22) of these two species are very dissimilar and thus provide much 

 better distinguishing characters than those of either the nymphal or imaginal 

 forms. 



The dissection of 9 nearly mature cecidia of Paracopiam hamadryas (pi. 24) 

 from Malagasy showed each cecidium to be monothalamous, closed, and 

 to contain from four to seven lacebugs in the last nymphal and adult stages. 

 A census of nine galls gave these figures: 2 galls with 2 nymphs and 2 adults; 

 3 galls with 3 nymphs and 2 adults; 2 galls with 3 nymphs and 3 adults; 

 and 2 galls with 3 nymphs and 4 adults. These figures give an average 

 population of 5.4 lacebugs per gall. From one to three young larvae of 

 nolid moths, assumed to be scavengers, were found in four cecidia. The 

 genera Copium and Paracopium comprise a total of 45 species (10 -f 35) and, 

 insofar as known, are all gall-forming tingids. 



681-552— ,65 2 



