8 U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM BULLETIN 24 3 



progressive development of the immature stages. There is no reduction in 

 the size of the legs and antennae (pis. 18, 21, 23) in the cecidogenous 

 tingids as compared with those of free -living species (pis. 10, 11, 26). 



The conformation and structure of the eggs and the method of oviposition 

 of members of the genera Copium and Paracopium differ notably from those 

 of the tingids that do not produce galls. According to the observations of 

 Monod and Carayon (1958) the egg of C. cornutum (now clavicorne) has a 

 campanular or domelike operculum, whose surface is smooth like that of 

 the body of the egg. The time and method of laying and the fixation of 

 the egg to the corolla are connected with floral cecidogenesis. During the 

 laying operation, the egg is turned end for end (180°) so that the opercular 

 pole is inserted in the corolla. Conversely, the abopercular pole is thrust 

 into the tissue of the living leaf by the nongall-making lacebugs. 



Two and a quarter centuries ago the gifted naturalist Rene A. F. Reamur 

 (1737) of France wrote a classic account of an insect that produced galls 

 on the flower buds of the plant "camedrys." He included figures of the 

 gall and other parts of the plant as well as those of the adult and last nymphal 

 stage of the insect that produced the galls. After opening many galls, 

 Reamur recorded that each gall formed a one-celled chamber and confined 

 therein was a single insect, either in the nymphal or adult stage. Years 

 later, Geoffroy (1762) published a similar article about the same insect 

 and its unichambered gall on the inflorescence of " chamaedras." In the 

 12th edition of his"Systema Naturae," Linnaeus (1767) cited the above 

 references, clearly authenticating the identity of the species previously 

 named and described by him as Cimex clavicornis (now in the genus Copium) 

 from Europe. Historically, this is the first gall-making lacebug to be 

 technically named and described (pis. 18, 19). 



The tingicecidium is an abnormal growth or excrescence of the corolla of 

 the flowerbud (pis. 20, 22, 24). The hypertropic growth contains a fairly 

 large, closed, monothalamous cell, or chamber. The immature stages of 

 the lacebug are confined therein from hatching until the completion of 

 metamorphosis. At that time, the gall itself has also reached full maturity 

 and bursts open naturally by dehiscence at the tip, thus setting free its 

 haustellate inmate {Copium spp.) or inmates {Paracopium spp.). The adults, 

 after escaping from the gall, become free-living like the leaf-feeding species. 



An examination of 100 nearly mature cecidia of Copium clavicorne (pi. 20) 

 and an equal number of galls of C. teucrii (pi. 22) showed each cecidium of 

 these species to be one-chambered and inhabited by only one tingid in 

 either the last nymphal or newly emerged imaginal stage. The cecidia 

 were preserved in alcohol as picked in the field from the host plant, Teucrium 

 chamaedrys, in Austria. Although the galls examined were almost fully 

 grown, they were still tightly closed and showed no external signs of 

 dehiscence. 



The adults of C. teucrii (pi. 21) and C. clavicorne (pi. 18) are very similar in 



