LACEBUGS OF THE WORLD 



frontal spines 

 median spine 

 occipital spines 



hood 



callus 



paranotum 



--T-. lateral carinae 



-1(4- median carina 



— costal area 



— discoidal area 



cephalic 

 spines 



subcostal area 



sutural area 



elytron 



Figure 2. — Structures used in classification: Leptopharsa mira Drake and Hambleton, 



dorsal aspect. 



The offspring, from the neonate nymph to full maturity, are confined in 

 closed, one-celled chambers. Only the genera Copium and Paracopium of 

 the tingines are producers and dwellers in closed galls. These genera are 

 represented in many countries in the Old World, but are unknown in the 

 Americas. 



The gall-making lacebugs are anthophagous and induce most profound 

 reactions on the flowers they affect. In marked contrast to the foliar 

 feeding species that live open and free on the foliage, the gallicolous tingids 

 cause the host plant to produce malformations known as flower cecidia or 

 galls (pis. 20, 22, 24), within which the nymphal stages live, feed, grow 

 and moult until they attain the imaginal stage. From a domiciliary 

 standpoint, the closed gall forms a safe shelter and luxuriant abode for the 



