X BULLETIN 195, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



actually found in various parts of the country, showing the earliest 

 and latest dates and the limits between which half the dates fall, in- 

 dicating the height of the season. 



The plumages are described in only enough detail to enable the 

 reader to trace the sequence of molts and plumages from birth to 

 maturity and to recognize the birds in the different stages and at the 

 different seasons. 



No attempt has been made to describe fully the adult plumages; 

 this has been well done already in the many manuals and State books. 

 Partial or complete albinism is liable to occur in almost any species; 

 for this reason, and because it is practically impossible to locate all 

 such cases, it has seemed best not to attempt to treat this subject at 

 all. The names of colors, when in quotation marks, are taken from 

 Kidgway's Color Standards and Nomenclature (1912). In the meas- 

 urements of eggs, the foul' extremes are printed in bold-face type. 



Many who have contributed material for previous volumes have 

 continued to cooperate. Receipt of material from nearly 500 con- 

 tributors has been acknowledged previously. In addition to these, 

 our thanks are due to the following new contributors: Earl Brooks, 

 F. C. Clayton, J. D. Cleghorn, Roland C. Clement, Clarence Cottam, 

 E. M. S. Dale, David E. Davis, Russell S. Davis, Richard J. Eaton, 

 jMary M. Erickson, Albert K. Fisher, Robert Fredericks, John F. 

 Freeman, Herbert Friedmann, Russell K. Grater, Hugh M. Halliday, 

 Samuel A. Harper, Donald M. Hatfield, Harold Heath, Catherine A. 

 Hurlbutt, Ruth B. Inman, H. R. Ivor, L. A. Kosier, Gordon M. Meade, 

 Loye H. Miller, Mrs. D. M. Morrison, H. R. Meyers, A. L. Nelson, 

 Norman A. Preble, W. F. Rapp, Jr., Richard Reade, J. W. Slipp, 

 Bruce P. Stiles, William A. Taylor, W. Bryant Tyrrell, Stephen Wal- 

 dron, J. Dan Webster, James B. Young, and Francis Zirrer. If any 

 contributor fails to find his or her name in this or some previous 

 bulletin, the author would be glad to be advised. As the demand for 

 these volumes is much greater than the supply, the names of those 

 who have not contributed to the work during the previous ten years 

 will be dropped from the author's mailing list. 



Dr. Winsor M. Tyler rendered valuable assistance by reading and 

 indexing, for these groups, a large part of the literature on North 

 American birds, and he contributed three complete life histories. Dr. 

 Alfred O. Gross and Robert S. Woods contributed two each; and 

 Dr. Mary M. Erickson and Alexander Sprunt, Jr., contributed one 

 each. 



Egg measurements were furnished especially for this volume by the 

 American Museum of Natural History (Dean Amadon) , Griffing Ban- 

 croft, the California Academy of Sciences (Robert T. Orr), Charles 

 E. Doe, James R. Gillin, Wilson C. Hanna, Ed. N. Harrison, Turner 



