8 BULLETIN 196, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



tree limit, east to the River Kolyma and south to about 54° in the 

 west, but in the east only to Yakutsk (about 63°). It also breeds in 

 small numbers in Germany and exceptionally in Belgium, and a pair 

 has been recorded nesting in two successive years in Scotland. The 

 race T. m. coburni breeds in Iceland and sparingly in the Faeroes, and 

 a pair believed to be of this race has once been recorded nesting in 

 the Shetland Islands. 



Winter range. — British Isles and southern Europe to the Mediter- 

 ranean and Black Seas; also Asia Minor, Syria, and Iran, rarely 

 reaching the Mediterranean islands and Palestine. The Iceland 

 form has been identified on passage and in winter in the Faeroes, 

 Holland, and France. (Jourdain.) 



Spring migration. — The migratory movements of the typical race 

 are essentially the same as those of the fieldfare (pp. 13-14), but depar- 

 tures from the British Isles appear to average a fortnight earlier and to 

 finish soon after mid-April. May records are exceptional, and the 

 only three available for the period May 4-25 come from the Scottish 

 islands. Three June dates are recorded for England and Wales, 

 viz, June 9, 13, and 27 (N. F. Ticehurst, 1938, vol. 2). Alexander 

 (1927) records his latest date for the hill country near Rome as March 

 21. In Germany the passage extends from the second, or more rarely 

 the first, half of March to about mid-April or in East Prussia regularly 

 to the beginning of May (Niethammer, 1937). Arrival is recorded at 

 Vadso on the Arctic coast of Norway on May 16 (Blair, 1936), at 

 Ust Zylma in Arctic Russia on May 17, and on the Arctic Circle in 

 the Yenisei Valley on June 5 (Seebohm, 1901, 1879). In Iceland, 

 however, according to Hantzsch (1905), it arrives at the end of 

 March and beginning of April (earliest date March 20), which seems 

 surprisingly early for that bleak land. 



Fall migration. — Small numbers begin to reach the British Isles at 

 the end of September and the beginning of October, but the main 

 arrival is in October and November. Three July records (earliest 

 July 5) are available (Ticehurst), but these are highly exceptional, 

 and even arrivals in August and the first half of September are very 

 unusual. Niethammer describes the beginning of the passage as 

 usually in the second half of October in central Germany, but at the 

 end of September in East Prussia. In the Mediterranean region 

 Alexander found the arrival in the Rome district very regular about 

 November 1. 



Casual records. — Typical race: Spitsbergen, Bear Island, Faeroes, 

 Madeira, Canaries. Iceland race: Bear Island, Greenland, Jan 

 May en. 



