300 BULLETIN 196, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



DISTRIBUTION 



Breeding range. — Breeds throughout the greater part of Europe, 

 including the whole of the British Islands, northward to latitude 71° 

 in Norway and 70° in Russia, also in north Sweden and Finland and 

 in Novaya Zemlya, southward to north Spain, south France, Corsica, 

 Italy, Sicily, Greece, and south Russia. In the Mediterranean region 

 it breeds chiefly in mountainous country. Extends westward through 

 Asia Minor, Syria, northern Iran, Aralo-Caspian region, and central 

 Asia to Mongolia and Siberia. In America, in northern and east- 

 central Alaska, south to the mouth of the Yukon and the Pribilof 

 Islands. Attempts have been made to distinguish other races in Asia, 

 but these do not appear to be well founded. For discussion, see 

 Meinertzhagen (1922) and Hartert and Steinbacher (1938). The race 

 Oenanthe oenanthe nivea (Weigold), of central and southern Spain, is 

 considered valid by Witherby (1938). Other races are described from 

 Crete and northwest Africa. 



Winter range. — South Arabia and east Africa; also, but rarely, in 

 southern and eastern Iran and Mesopotamia. The A. O. U. Check- 

 list and Ridgway, no doubt following Seebohm (1881) in the "British 

 Museum Catalogue," include India in the winter range, but there 

 appears to be no good evidence that any winter regularly in India. 



Spring migration. — The earliest date recorded on the American 

 Continent appears to be Point Barrow, May 19, and the next (many 

 birds) Nulato, May 23. Other particulars will be found under the 

 section "Spring." 



Fall migration. — Latest dates recorded in America appear to be: 

 St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, August 29 and September 1 ; Kruzga- 

 mepa, August 30; but it probably occurs later, as on the Arctic coast 

 of east Siberia it has been recorded as late as September 21. Other 

 particulars will be found in the section "Fall and winter." 



Casual records. — Jourdain (1938, vol. 2) notes occurrences in 

 Waigatz, Kolguev, Yalmal, Spitsbergen, Bear Island, and the Ca- 

 naries. Other casual records could no doubt be added for Asia and 

 the western Pacific. 



OENANTHE OENANTHE LEUCORHOA (Gmelin) 



GREENLAND WHEATEAR 



HABITS 



The 1931 Check-list gives the following interesting distribution for 

 the Greenland wheatear: "Breeds in the Arctic Zone from Ellesmere 

 Island and Boothia Peninsula east to Greenland and Iceland and 

 south to northern Quebec. Winters in West Africa, migrating 

 through the British Isles and France. Casual in migration or winter 



