RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH 171 



DISTRIBUTION 



Range. — The range of the russet and olive-backed thrushes is from 

 northern North America to central South America. 



Breeding Range. — The breeding range is north to central Alaska 

 (Tanana, Fort Yukon, and the Porcupine River); northern Yukon 

 (La Pierre House) ; the Mackenzie River Valley (McPherson, Simpson, 

 and Resolution); northern Alberta (McMurray); northern Saskatche- 

 wan (Black Bear Island and Reindeer River near its mouth) ; northern 

 Manitoba (Norway House, Oxford House, Jack River, and York 

 Factory) ; northern Ontario (Moose Factory) ; central Quebec (Rupert 

 House) ; and southern Labrador (Upper Hamilton River and Paradise 

 River). East to Labrador (Paradise River, Petty Harbor, and Caplin 

 Bay); Newfoundland (Nichols ville) ; Magdalen Islands, Quebec; and 

 Nova Scotia (Wolf ville and Halifax). South to Nova Scotia (Halifax) ; 

 southern Maine (Machias and Ellsworth); New Hampshire (Ossipee 

 and Mount Monadnock); New York (Slide Mountain, Catskills); 

 Pennsylvania (Laanna and the Pocono Mountains) ; the mountains of 

 West Virginia (Shavers Mountain and Cheat Mountains); North 

 Carolina (one record Mount Mitchell) ; northern Michigan (Kalkasta 

 County, Douglas Lake, the Beaver Islands, and Newberry); northern 

 Wisconsin, rarely (New London and Orienta); northern Minnesota 

 (Cook County, Walker, and Fosston); southern Manitoba (Hillside 

 Beach, Lake Winnipeg, and Aweme) ; southern Saskatchewan (Indian 

 Head and the Cypress Hills); southern Alberta (Red Deer River re- 

 gion) ; south in the Rocky Mountains through Montana (Fortine and 

 Belton); Wyoming (Yellowstone Park and Laramie); Colorado 

 (Estes Park, Pikes Peak, and Grove Creek, Mesa County); northern 

 Utah (Kansas, Parleys Park, and Salt Lake County) ; Nevada (Frank- 

 lin Lake and Truckee Valley); and southwestern California (San 

 Bernardino, Pasadena, and Santa Barbara). West to the Pacific 

 coast of California (Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Alameda, and 

 Eureka); Oregon (Marshfield, Saline, and Portland); Washington 

 (Cape Disappointment, Clallam Bay, and Blaine); British Columbia 

 (Courtenay, Vancouver Island and Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands) ; 

 and Alaska (Sitka, Lake Clark, McKinley Fork of the Kuskokwim 

 and Tanana). 



The breeding range as outlined^applies to the entire species, of which 

 three subspecies or geographic races are recognized. The russet- 

 backed thrush, the typical race (H. u. ustulata) , breeds from south- 

 eastern Alaska, the coastal region of British Columbia west of the 

 Cascades, to southern California; the western olive-backed thrush 

 (H. u. almae) breeds in the Rocky Mountain region west to eastern 

 Nevada; the olive-backed thrush (H. u. swainsoni) breeds from cen- 



