ALTA MIRA LICHTENSTEENl'S ORIOLE 235 



season, and that the young of the first brood are apparently fed by 

 the male while the female is building the second nest. 



Plumages. — Ridgway (1902) describes the juvenal, or first, plumage 

 of typical /. gularis as: "Head, neck, and under parts (including 

 throat, etc.) yellow, the color duller on pileum and hindneck; back and 

 scapulars olive; rump and upper tail-coverts dull yellow (gallstone or 

 dull saffron), like pileum and hindneck; wings and tail as in the 

 immature plumage, described above [see below], but greater coverts 

 broadly tipped (on outer webs) with dull yellowish white, secondaries, 

 broadly edged with white, primaries more broadly edged with pale 

 gray (passing into white terminally) and with a white patch at the 

 base." 



Apparently, a postjuvenal molt renews all the contour plumage and 

 the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. Ridgway 

 describes this first winter plumage as follows: "Head, neck and under 

 parts as in adults, but the latter rather paler, or less orange, yellow; 

 back and scapulars yellowish olive ; lesser wing-coverts dusky, broadly 

 tipped or margined with saffron yellowish; middle coverts dusky at 

 base, broadly tipped with white or yellow; rest of wings dark grayish 

 brown with paler edgings, these white, or nearly so, on greater coverts; 

 tail yellowish olive." 



Dickey and van Rossem (1938) say of this plumage and subsequent 

 changes : 



At this age the throat patches of the females are very restricted and mixed 

 with yellow. Those of the males are larger and very much blacker, but otherwise 

 the sexes are very similar. Some young birds have a first preuuptial molt which 

 affects chiefly the foreparts and back, but in four out of six cases the postjuvenal 

 plumage is worn with no discernible change for a full year or until the first post- 

 nuptial (second fall) molt. This first postnuptial has produced in the cases of 

 three females a livery like that of the adults except that the back is more or less 

 mixed with yellowish green. Certainly in these cases, at least, maturity was not 

 reached at that time, and as there is apparently no spring molt (except in a few 

 first-year birds) the fully adult plumage could not have been acquired by these 

 individuals until the third fall (second postnuptial) molt. 



There is a large series of the various races of this species in the 

 Museum of Comparative Zoology, in Cambridge, showing all the 

 plumages substantially as described above. The postjuvenal molt 

 apparently begins in August and may not always be completed before 

 the middle of September or later. I have seen one in full juvenal 

 plumage as late as September 12. The series contains numerous 

 specimens in first winter plumage from December to May. 



The first postnuptial molt is shown in specimens taken in August 

 and September; in one taken September 24, this molt is nearly com- 

 pleted, with yellowish green edgings on the feathers of the back. The 



