382 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 



Odax (Commerson) LAC]EP:feDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1802, p. 70. Species not 



binomial. Type Odax odon (Commerson) LActptDE = Scar us chadri 



LAciipfeoE = »Scorus niger Forskal, monotypic. 

 Hemistoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. An., vol. 2, 1839, p. 226. Type Hemistoma 



reticulatus Swainson = *Scarus pepo Bennett, monotypic. 

 Petronason Swainson, Nat. Hist. An., vol., 2, 1839, p. 226. Type Scarus 



psittacus (not Linnaeus) FonsKkh — Scarus ghobban Forskal, designated 



by Swain, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1882, p. 274. 

 Erychthys Swainson, Nat. Hist. An., vol. 2, 1839, p. 226. Type Scarus 



croicensis Bloch, designated by Swain, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 



1882, p. 274. 

 Chlorurus Swainson, Nat. Hist. An., vol. 2, 1839, pp. 226, 227. Type 



Scarus gibbus RiJpPELL, monotypic. 

 Pseudoscarus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 12, 1861, 



p. 230. Type Scarus microrhinos Bleeker, designated by Jordan and 



Evermann, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 47, pt. 2, 1898, p. 1655. 

 Loro Jordan and Evermann, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., 1895 (1896), p. 418. 



Type Scarus guacamaia Cuvier, orthotypic. 



Body robust. Head moderate. Lower jaw included within 

 upper. Lips variably cover or expose teeth; upper laterally double, 

 inner fold very narrow or not developed medially. Teeth in jaws 

 fully coalesced, surface like mosaic; edges of teeth mostly even. 

 Canines posteriorly very variably present or absent, 1 to 3 or even 

 4 sometimes present above or below each side. Front nostril without 

 cirrhus; hind nostril sometimes greatly larger than front one. Gill 

 membranes little joined with narrow isthmus, over which they form 

 broad fold. Predorsal scales 6 to 8; cheek with 2 to 4 rows of scales; 

 scales in lateral line 23 to 25. Lateral line interrupted behind, 

 begins again on next or second series of scales below; tubes scarcely 

 branched. Dorsal spines flexible, scarcely distinguishable from 

 soft rays, 9, and rays, 10. Anal spines 3, rays 9. 



Species usually large or moderate in size, brilliant and numerous 

 in tropical seas. Their bright colors fading after death, it is often 

 very difficult to determine alcoholic specimens. Authors have 

 given the various shades of white, rose, or green of the teeth as group 

 distinctions, though very unsatisfactory as usually applied to 

 preserved materials. 



Callyodon ghobhan (Forsk&l) has been reported by Elera as Pseu- 

 doscarus pyrrhostethus '^ from Luzon, Cavite, and Santa Cruz. 



ANALYSIS OF THE SPBCIES 



I. Pseudoscarus. Preopercle flange below always scaleless. 

 a^. Cheek with two rows of scales. 



6*. Lips narrow, usually cover basal half of teeth. 



c^ Caudal truncate or convex behind; canines small or absent. 



d^. Head very gibbous or swollen above eyes; uniform chocolate; 



size large oedema. 



d^. Head with upper profile little convex; uniform chocolate; size 



small erythrodon. 



#. Body more or less speckled or spotted with whitish__.margaritui. 



" Cat. Fauna. Filip., vol. 1, ISQS, p. 559. 



