GRAY KINGBIRD 49 



from October through May, except November, every year. This 

 results in at least seven trips during the fall and winter, and has 

 been the case since 1935. The time is spent entirely in the field, and 

 in all 35 trips have been made to date, I have never seen the gray 

 kingbird in winter in south Florida, either on the mainland or in 

 the Keys. Paradise Key is often visited and so is the Cape Sable 

 region, and all the area between Northwest Cape and Madeira Bay, 

 east and west of Flamingo. Key West is always the terminus of 

 these trips, several days being spent there each time. The Ten 

 Thousand Islands and the many rivers of the southwest coast are 

 frequently investigated, as is the whole of Florida Bay. 



Therefore, I can state definitely that, as far as five years of inten- 

 sive field work are concerned, the gray kingbird is absent from this 

 region in winter, and questions asked of residents who say they know 

 the bird have resulted in similar conclusions. It is by no means im- 

 possible that it may appear in future, but the probability is that any 

 bird seen after December 1 is a belated migrant and not a wintering 

 specimen. 



DISTRIBUTION 



Range. — Southeastern United States, the West Indies, and northern 

 South America ; casual on the coast of Central America ; accidental 

 in New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, and British Columbia. 



Breeding range. — The gray kingbird breeds north to northern 

 Florida (Pensacola, Santa Rosa Island, and St. Marks) ; and rarely 

 South Carolina (Sullivans Island). East to rarely South Carolina 

 (Sullivans Islands) ; probably rarely Georgia (Blackbeard Island and 

 St. Marys) ; eastern Florida (St. Augustine and New Smyrna) ; the 

 Bahama Islands (Elbow Cay, Eleuthera, and Watling Island) ; Haiti 

 (Tortue Island) ; the Dominican Republic (Sanchez) ; Puerto Rico 

 (Aguadilla and Yabucoa) ; the Lesser Antilles (Anegada, St. Bar- 

 tholomew, Dominica, Barbados, and Grenada) ; and eastern Vene- 

 zuela (Rio Uracoa). South to Venezuela (Rio Uracoa, La Pedrita, 

 and Ciudad Bolivar) ; and Colombia (Noarama). West to western 

 Colombia (Noarama, Blanco, Varrud, and Santa Marta) ; Jamaica 

 (Port Henderson); western Cuba (Isle of Pines. Pilotes, and 

 Habana) ; and western Florida (Dry Tortugas, Sevenoaks, and 

 Pensacola). 



Winter range. — The species is apparently resident in the South 

 American portion of its range and in most of the West Indies, north 

 at least to Puerto Rico (Vieques Island and Cartagena Lagoon) ; 

 the Dominican Republic (Monte Cristi) ; Haiti (Port-au-Prince) ; 

 and the Isle of Pines. 



The range as outlined is for the species, which has been separated 

 into two subspecies. The typical gray kingbird {T. d. donhinicensis) 



