Metamorphoses of Insects. 265 



qiiently not closely applied to the body, but have their form for 

 the most part clearly distinguishable. To these Aristotle originally 

 gave the name of nymplice,^ which was continued by Swain- 

 nierdam and other authors prior to Linno (who calls them 

 incomjilete pupse,) and has been adopted by many English writers 

 on insects. 



Butterflies, moths, and some of the two-winged tribe, are in 

 their pupa state also enclosed in a similar membraneous envelope ; 

 but their legs, anteim?e, and wings, are closely folded over the 

 breast and sides ; and the whole body enclosed in a common case 

 or covering of a more horny consistence, which admits a much 

 less distinct view of the organs beneath it. As these pupse arc 

 often tinged of a golden colour, they were called from this 

 circumstance chrysalides by the Greeks, and aurelios, by the 

 Romans, both which terms are in some measure become anglicized ; 

 and though not applicable to nngilded pupse, are now often given 

 to those of all lepidopterous insects, f These by Linne are deno- 

 minated ohtected pupge. 



I have said that most insects eat no food in the pupa state. This 

 qualification is necessary, because in the metamorphoses of insects, 

 as in all her other operations, nature proceeds by measured steps, 



* Hist. Anim. 1. 5. c. 10. 



f In explanation of tlie terms Lepidopteroua, Coleoj-tera, (fee, which 

 will frequently" occur in the following pages before coming regularly to 

 definitions, it is necessary here to state that they have reference to the 

 names given by entomologists to the different orders or tribes of insects, as 

 under : — 



1. Coleoptera, consisting of Beetles. 



2. Strepsiptera, of the genera Xenos and Stylops. 



8. Bermapttra, of the Earivigs. 



4. Orthoptera, of Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers, Crickets^ 



Spectres, Mantes, &€. 



5. Hemiptera, consisting of Bugs, Cicadce, Water-scorpions, Water-boat- 

 men, Plant-lice, Cochineal Insects, (to. 



6. Trichoptera, consisting of the Jlies produced by the various species of 

 Case-worms, Phryganea, L. 



7. tLepidnptera, consisting of Butterflies, TIawkmoths, and Moths. 



8. Neuroptera, coushi'mg o{ I>rago7i-flics, Ant-lions, Ephemerce, d:c. 



9. Hymenoptera, consisting of Bees, Wasps, and other insects armed with 

 a sting or ovipositor, and its valves. 



10. Diptera, consisting of Flies, Gnats, and other two-winged insects^ 



11. Aphaniptera, consisting of the Flea tribe. 



12. Aptera, of Mites, Lice, d;c. 



