92 



Calnmet river, nlong which are extensive marshes, which form a favo- 

 rite liaiint for various waterfowl. Along the Lake shore, in north- 

 western Indiana, extending thence slightly into Illinois, is the Pinery, 

 a pccnliar, sandy, barren tract of land partly covered by a sparse 

 growth of pines and deciduous underbrush, with, near the Lake, 

 patches of juniper. Lake County lias much more woodland, and is 

 more hilly or roiling than Cook County. Extending along the Lake 

 shore, from the northern border of the state nearly the entire length 

 of this county, is a tract quite simihir to the Pinery before described, 

 except that here the sand-liills near the Lake are nearly covered with 

 the junipers {Juniperus communis). Througliout this county are scat- 

 tered a large number of small lakes, many of which have a marshy 

 border and are much frequented by waterfowls, both during the mi- 

 grations and the breeding season. 



The woods near Lake Michigan, in both these counties, are upon 

 ridges extending parallel to the Lake shore, which are separated by 

 belts of prairie. These ridges form convenient highways for the 

 woodland species during the migrations. The water birds either fol- 

 low the Lake shore or the river courses. The migrations of the latter 

 are almost directly north and south, but with the woodland species it 

 is quite diflerent. They follow the heavily wooded river bottoms 

 from the south, and approach the sparsely wooded states along the 

 upper Mississippi in immense numbers, where they swerve toward 

 the heavily wooded region of the nortliern Lake region, where they 

 find extensive breeding grounds. This change in the direction of 

 their migration causes them to move diagonally across the northern 

 half of Illinois toward the north-east. To this we are indebted for 

 the vast numbers of migrants found along the Lake in this vicinity. 

 Weary from their flight up the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, they 

 halt along the inviting ridges bordering the Lake. After a short rest 

 they resume their northward way, striking boldly across the Lake 

 towards their summer homes in northern Michigan and beyond. I 

 have many times stood upon a wooded I)Iufi" on the Lake shore and 

 seen flock after flock of warblers and other small birds pass out of 

 Bight over the Lake. 



The fall migration is less uniform, the birds straggling along in 

 such a manner that it is difficult to trace any movement except a gen- 

 eral inclination to tlie south. A severe storm upon the Lake during 

 the spring migration works sad havoc among the birds, for when a 

 fog arises they become bewildered and perish by thousands, and large 

 numbers are washed ashore. An instance of lliis kind occurred the 

 last of May, 187G, when I counted over two hundred birds, represent- 

 ing over flfty species, in walking about a mile along the Lake siiore. 



For many valuable notes included in the present paper I am indebted 



