312 Theory as to the Origin of the Crosses 



A. D. 1092. William Rufus, and A. D. 1122 Henry I., occupy and 

 fortify Carlisle. 



A. D. 1136. David regains English Cumberland. 



A. D. 1147. Cumberland (English) with Northumberland and Dur- 

 ham ceded to Scotland by the Treaty of Carlisle.^ 



Strathclyde, which from 908—1034 had probably extended to the 

 eastern and southern boundaries of the subsequent sees of Glasgow 

 and Carhsle, was in the latter year merged in the Scottish crown 

 and kingdom. From 1070—1091 Scottish kings ruled over Cumber- 

 land and Northumberland as well as over Scottish Cumbria, but 

 in 1092 William Rufus wrested English Cumbria from Dolphin, 

 lord of Carhsle, a vassal of the Scottish Malcolm, and rebuilt the 

 castle of Carhsle, making the adjoining country for the first time 

 Enghsh.^ From 1136 English Cumbria remained in possession of 

 Scotland till 1157.^ The relation of Hexham to David I is partic- 

 ularly interesting in this connection. 



The administration of Cumberland during the reign of Henry II. 

 was a dehcate task in view of its Scottish sympathies and associations, 

 requiring all the resources of tact and skill to complete its incorporation 

 as a portion of the English commonwealth. The king took a personal 

 interest in the recovered province and visited Carhsle from time to 

 time as the public affairs of the district called for his immediate atten- 

 tion. He came north in 1158 and held a conference with King Malcolm 

 in that city. ... It was on this visit that King Henry committed 

 to Hubert de Vaux the barony of Gillesland, a wide tract abutting the 

 frontier on the east which had been previously held by Gille son of 

 Boet, a local chieftain who appears to have acknowledged no feudal 

 superior. The presence of a Scottish element among the territorial 

 owners, which the King of Scotland was not backward in utiUzing as 

 it suited his purpose, was a constant danger to the peace of the district.* 



1 Haddan and Stubbs 2. 10. 



2 Encyc. Brit, 9th ed., 21. 481. 



3 Haddan and Stubbs 2. 27. 



* Victoria Hist. Cumh. 2. 244-5. Haddan and Stubbs (2. 13) thus define 

 the boundary with which we are most immediately concerned, that in the 

 direction of Bewcastle : ' All Cumbria was never within the see of Hexham, 

 only that part of what is now Cumberland which hes east from Wetherall, 

 on the Eden above Carlisle, up to the boundaries of Northumberland. . . . 

 What really happened, plainly was, that Hexhamshire (and indeed the whole 

 northern district) being absolutely devastated by WilUam the Conqueror, 

 Thomas I. of York (A. D. 1070-1100) took possession of it, and no doubt 

 of Cumbria also, as a sort of waif and stray ; and that Henry I. confirmed 



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