First Epistle of Peter. 441 



often of the same order to be independent. Nor have instances 

 been lacking to show the priority of the Pauline Epistle. 



Few indeed are the advocates of the priority of " I Peter." B. 

 ^^'eiss has made the most heroic effort of all to defend this position 

 in his " Petrinische Lehrbegriff." His pupil Kiihl follows a similar 

 line of thought. The anonymous article on "Peter" in the " Inter- 

 national Encyclopaedia " 1910, says " The opinion of Weiss and 

 Kiihl, has much in its favor, and appears on the whole, the most 

 probable." Bigg is inclined to favor the independence of our author. 

 Cf. also E. Scharfe's "Die petrinische Stromung der neutestament- 

 lichen Literatur." (1893.) 



With these exceptions the scholars of all schools are agreed that 

 our author was the borrower. Strange to say not all the most 

 enthusiastic defenders of this position are to be found in the " rad- 

 ical school." " Conservatives " claim, on the one hand, that this 

 dependence upon Romans is a proof of its genuineness, while " radi- 

 cals " maintain, on the other hand, that it proves the very opposite. 

 At this point it may be well to review a few of the opinions and argu- 

 ments of some of the leading conservative scholars. 



Chase in his excellent article in H.B.D. says " there is no doubt that 

 the author of I Peter was acquainted with this Epistle," i. e., Romans. 

 Zahn, the worthy prince of German conservatives, says : " It is 

 especially the hortatory portion of Romans to which I Peter shows 

 numerous points of resemblance ; Rom. 12 ; 2 = I Pt. 1 ; 14, \s:ri 

 'j!JO'/Tj[j.a-:i^£'79-ai, with substantially the same object in the dative ; 

 Rom. 12 ; 17 = I Pt. 3 ; 9, [j.yiBsvi ([J-yj) a-oBiBovTsc xaxov avTi /.axoO, 

 in both instances standing between an exhortation to humility and 

 the advice to preserve peace with non-Christians, while in the 

 immediate context in both passages stands the command that they 

 bless their persecutors instead of reviling them (Romans 12 ; 14). 

 Taken in connection with such clear resemblances, a certain weight 

 is to be given also to similarities in the same chapter, which cannot 

 be used as positive proof, such as the similar use of Xo^iwc,, — not 

 to be found elsewhere in the N. T. or LXX,— Rom. 12 ; 1, I Pt. 2 ; 2, 

 and the conception of offerings, in a figurative sense, made by 

 Christians, Rom. 12 ; 1, I Pt. 2 ; 5. In relatively close proximity to 

 these parallels, Rom. 13 ; 1—7 and I Pt. 2 ; 13—17, occurs an ex- 

 hortation with regard to civil authorities. The sense is not only 

 the same but several expressions are alike, e. g. the aim for which 

 civil authorities exist is described thus " (N. T. Intro. II, p. 187) : 

 Cf. parallels I Pt. 2 ; 13, 14 = Rom. 13 ; 1, I Pt. 2 ; 14b = Rom. 

 13 ; 4, I Pt. 2 ; 14c = Rom. 13 ; 3. For the continuation of Zahn's 

 argument see note on I Pt. 2 ; 6, 8 ^ Rom. 9 ; 33. 



