First Epistle of Peter. 429 



(15) I Pt. 2; 12 Rom. 12; 20, 21 



h (0 xaTaXaXooTiv 6[j.(ov mc xaxo- lav ^rsiva 6 iyp-^oc, aou, 'jtwp^s 

 ::ot(oy, sx t(ov xaXwv spywv £::o~- atjTov lav Bfjia, %6tiZ,z a5x6v 

 teuovtIc Bo'^aaojat tov Gsov sv touto yo'P ^oiwv av8'pa)ta(; Tcupo? 



•f][X£fa STrtCT/lOT^; CCOpS'JO-Sl? ItCI TY]V X£Cpa>.Y]V auToO. 



[jiY] vixco 6x6 Tou xaxoD, aXla 

 vixa Iv Tw ayaO-co to xaxov 



Holtzmann calls attention to this parallel. Though the back- 

 ground is different the thought is similar and the gap is filled which 

 would have been left open by v. 12. The importance of the position 

 of this parallel, it is thought, justifies this classification. 



(16) I Pt. 2; 13 Rom. 13; 1 



•j;tO-:aY"/)~£ izurrri avS'pwTTtvY) xtig-ei ;:acra 'huyr^ zEouaicciq, bTzz^tyouaiixii; 



Bia Tov Kupiov £1't£ ^(XGikti . . . 67coTaG-G-£'7&"c.r ... at ougm l^oucrtat 



£iT£ rjY£[J-6aiv bub toO 0£oO TExayfjilvat eiotv 



Concerning the extended parallel between I Pt. 2 ; 13—17 and 

 Rom. 13 ; 1 — 7, Zahn says : " The sense is not only the same, but 

 several expressions are alike, e.g., the aim for which civil authorities 

 exist is described." (Int. II, p. 187.) Cf. I Pt. 2 ; 14 and Rom. 

 13 ; 3 f . Many commentators have discussed these parallels and 

 are agreed in the main. Bigg rightly calls attention to the different 

 backgrounds of the authors (I.C.C. p. 139). " Paul speaks of 

 Caesar as holding his authority from god, not from the people. 

 Rom. 13 ; 1. A doctrine of divine right could be built upon the 

 words of Paul, but not upon those of Peter." To this most will 

 agree, but many will not accept his conclusion, that " Peter's " atti- 

 tude is due to his priority to Paul ; i. e., that he viewed the govern- 

 ment as a Republic, while Paul viewed it as a Monarchy. The 

 reason is made obvious by ttie body of the letter, which indicates 

 a shifting attitude of the State towards the Church. This shifted 

 attidude quite clearly implies priority of Paul. 



(17) I Pt. 2 ; 14 Rom. 13 ; 4 



6)c Bi y.'j'Oij z£[j.7:c/[j.£vot,; dc Ix- IxBixoc di; opyV tco to xaxov 

 BlX'/jTlV xaxoT^oiwv TTpaaTOVTai 



The parallel is obvious, but the situations are different. Paul 

 refers to social disturbances caused by evil doing, actual crime, 

 but I Peter alludes to the accusation of " evil doing," brought on 

 by their insubordination to the state rehgion being taken in " a 



