No. 4.] HIND — NORTH EASTERN LABRADOR. 237 



rounding islands by Pan Ice ;ind pushe 1 along the bottom of 

 the sea into these profound submarine valleys during a period of 

 general submergence will be protected from the action of the 

 wave?, and the loose blocks and boulders will have a forced 

 arrangement in the mud. as if they had been pushed over a bank, 

 and thus produce the irregular disposition ,-o frequently seen in 

 boulder clay deposits. In such narrow and profound valley* as 

 those instanced, the accumulation of Boulder Drift prob b!y 

 goes on at the present time, and in ly continue during a period 

 of elevation, until large portions of the drift are raised above the 

 sea level and beyond the influence of the waves, which will 

 attack only its sea-front. But the agent which gives rise to this 

 heterogeneous mass is Pan Ice. and the formation of Boulder 

 Clay is very probably a part of its work ever a vast area on the 

 Labrador at the present day, throughout the labyrinth of Isl mda 

 which fringe that coast to a depth of twenty miles seaw irds. If 

 one examines the local deposits of Boulder Clay in various parts 

 of Nova Scotia, with ice-worn gnei.-sic rocks clo3e at hand, or 

 underlying the clays, the conclusion that pan ice has been instru- 

 mental in accumulating many of those deposits is irresistable. 

 The pushing of blocks of strata by ice is graphically described 

 by Dr. Dawson on page 65 of his Acadian Geology, 2nd Ed. 



8. — The Marine Climate of the Labrador Coast. 



It has been shown by Dr. Petermann and others that the dif- 

 ference between the coastal climate of Greenland and the Labra- 

 dor is vr.ry great. The south-western Coast of Greenland is 

 much milder than that of the Labrador in the same parallels.* 

 A surface sheet of warm water, flowing from South to North, is 

 determined on to the coast of Western Greenland by the rotation 

 of the earth. A cold Arctic current ladened with ice from Davis 

 and Hudson Straits flows from North to South and is deter- 

 mined on to the Labrador Coast by the rotation of the Earth. 

 Hence the sea on the Labrador Coast is cooled sometimes in 

 November and early in December to 29, and even 28 degrees, and 

 the " Lolly" of the sealers, or Ice Speculse, or Anchor Ice, forms 

 rapidly during the first cold snap in November, along the entire 



* Vide a paper entitled ;< Further Enquiries on Oceanic Circula- 

 tion" by Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S., Proceedings of the Royal 

 Geological Society, August, 1874. 



