No. 3.] ANDERSON — NORTH-WESTERN AMERICA. 153 



Birds. — Exclusively of innumerable migratory birds, from 

 the Swan and the Eagle down to the Humming Bird (the last 

 confined to the Pacific slope, where it is found as high, at least, 

 as 54° 26', and doubtless beyond), the following permanent resi- 

 dents of utility may be noticed : Ruffed Grouse (JBonasa umbellus, 

 Linn.) ; almost everywhere near streams, &c. Dusky Grouse 

 (Tetras ohscurus, Say), dry stony ridges, Vancouver Island, and 

 mainland inferior north of about 49° on western slope, as high 

 as the vicinity of Alexandria. Spotted Grouse or " Spruce Part- 

 ridge" (T. Canadensis, Linn.) ; dry uplands within certain 

 limits on both sides of the Rocky Mountains. White Grouse 

 or Ptarmigan (Lagopus albus) ; mountainous parts, Vancouver 

 Island and northern mainland ; very numerous throughout the 

 Arctic slopes and Hudson's Bay. Sharp-tailed Grouse (Pedioe- 

 cetes phasianellus, Linn.) ; throughout the great Prairies ; in 

 the prairie-valleys of British Columbia, as high as the vicinity of 

 Alexandria ; and on the Plains of Peace River. Cock of the 

 Plains or "Sage-Cock," (Centrocercus urophasianvs, Bon.); 

 borders of the Columbia Biver, from above Okinagan to the 

 Dalles of Wasco, and throughout the Wormwood deserts. 



Fish. — Trout of many different kinds ; varieties of Carp and 

 other Cyprinidce. ; the Methy or Loche ; and. many others, 

 including that Prince of fresh-water fishes the White-fish (Core- 

 gonus), are general distributed. The last named (peculiarly a 

 northern fish) appears to be almost universal in the boreal 

 regions, even the lakes of the dreary " Barren Grounds" having 

 their share. Westward of the Rocky Mountains, they are 

 found as low, at least, as lat. 52° ; and probably even somewhat 

 south of that limit. Two varieties of Sturgeon are found, one 

 (Acipense.r Sturio f) in the waters of Lake Winnipeg, the other 

 (A. transmontanus of Richards) a fish of enormous dimensions, 

 in the Columbia and the Fraser. Salmon, chiefly of large size, 

 and of many varieties, ascend all the principal streams between the 

 Sacramento and Yukon, including both those rivers ; and pro- 

 bably several of the streams discharging into the Arctic Ocean ; 

 but as before remarked they do not frequent either the Mackenzie 

 or the Saskatchewan ; nor indeed any of the rivers communicating 

 with the Hudson's Bay. The Pike (Esox lucius), common to 

 the eastern waters, is unknown on the western watershed. To 

 the above list may be added, as frequenting the waters of 

 Manitoba, the Cat-Fish, the Sun-fish, and divers others, some of 

 which are found elsewhere. 



