xix THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE FROG 357 



remembered, is as frequently a sign of fear as movement, 

 and one is never safe in saying that the frog is not disturbed 

 just because it does not jump. The influence of the experi- 

 menter's presence in the room with the frogs which were 

 being tried in the labyrinth became apparent when the 

 animals were tried in a room by themselves. They escaped 

 much more quickly when alone." If after the frogs had 

 learned to escape by the nearest route from the labyrinth 

 into the water they were frightened by being poked about 

 with a stick, their movements became confused, and they 

 would as frequently as not take the wrong path. 



Toads are generally credited with greater intelligence 

 than frogs. Their space perceptions are quite well devel- 

 oped, since they find their way back to their regular habita- 

 tions after making journeys of considerable distance. They 

 may be readily tamed so that they come toward one and 

 eat out of the hand, and allow themselves to be stroked 

 without showing the usual instinctive reaction of bowing 

 down the head and swelling the body. According to 

 Knauer, they are endowed with no small amount of curi- 

 osity. After this observer had placed a glass cage of snakes 

 near a similar cage containing a number of toads it was 

 found that each group of animals was apparently contem- 

 plating the other with much interest. The toads were all 

 gathered on the side of the cage nearest the snakes, engaged 

 in what seemed to be a close inspection of their neighbors. 

 Whether the. toads' actions were manifestations of curiosity 

 may be questioned, but they probably indicate at least a 

 certain power of attention. 



The emotional endowment of frogs and toads is meager. 

 Aside from their sexual impulses, they show little emotional 

 susceptibility beyond that of fear. It is doubtful if they 

 ever show anger, which is one of the most primitive of all 



