ELISHA MITCHELL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. 89 



MINERALOGTCAL, GF.OLOGTCAL AND ACHUCULT- 

 URAL SURVEYS OF SOUTH CAROLINA.* 



BY J. A. HOLMES. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 



Introduction. . 89 



Vanuxem's Mineralogical and Geological Tours 90 



Ruffin's Agricultural Survey 93 



Tuoniey's Geological and Agricultural Survey. 98 



Lieber's Geological, Mineralogical and Agricultural Survey.. 103 



Bibliography of the Several Surveys 113 



Biographical Notes 114 



INTRODUCTION. 



Several years ago, under instructions from the Director of 

 the United States Geological Survey, the writer undertook the 

 collection of materials for an historical sketch of the scientific 

 surveys of North and South Carolina. 



Records relatino^ to such survevs in the first named of these 

 States were found to be fairly well preserved, and an historical 

 sketch of these surveys was prepared in 1888, and an abstract 

 of the same was published in this Journal, Part I, for 1889. 

 But the records relating to such surveys in South Carolina have 

 been imperfectly preserved, and the collection of material for the 

 following sketch has involved a considerable amount of labor, a 

 large part of which has been attended with unsatisfactory results. 



Nearly all of the citizens of the State who were interested 

 in such matters during the surveys of Ruffin and Tuorney 

 (1843-'47) have since passed away; and, although Lieber's sur- 

 vey (1856-'60) came at a later date, this was immediately fol- 

 lowed by the civil war, during which Lieber him>elf was killed, 

 and many of the records of the survey destroyed. Moreover, 

 the thouo^hts of the citizens of the State were then drawn in 

 other directions with such intensity that the details concerning a 

 scientific survey were seemingly forgotten beyond recall. 



*Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. 



