Tnc Lair^mr^cs of ihc r'acihc. 23 



greatl} clianged from the primeval, or archetype language, as 

 English has changed from Anglo-Saxon, or Italian from Latin. It 

 is generally by contact - with other peoples, most eilectually by 

 change of mothers or household environment that these changes 

 occur, where there is no change in latitude. But it is the vowels 

 that show the least change, for they are the product of the larnyx 

 and internal organs of the throat. The consonants are manipulated 

 by the external parts of the organs of speech which are more affected 

 by changes of temperature and moisture. In assigning a place to a 

 language we must never forget this distinction between the vowels, 

 the products of the protected organs of speech, and the consonants, 

 the products of the unprotected and manipulative organs of speech, 

 the palate, tongue, teeth and lips. In Indo-European and in Poly- 

 nesian the vowels are naturally therefore the least subject to change, 

 the least unstable. In both it is the consonants that have been most 

 subject to change. But it is the Indo-European that has shown the 

 most change. It has split up each of its explosive consonants, those 

 of tile lips, teeth and palate into three, (p, b, f; t, d, th ; k, g, gh), 

 and has thus added six sounds to its original range. That this was 

 the case is shown by the discovery of a new Aryan language by Sir 

 Aurel Stein in Chinese Turkestan, some seven or eight years ago. 

 He found a manuscript in the ruins of a Bttddhist city written in an 

 unknown tongue that was spoken by a people, the Tochari, included 

 during Roman times in the Bactrian empire. It was found to be a 

 pure Aryan tongue of the European type before the consonants had 

 changed: it had only one dental, one labial and one palatal. If 

 Polynesian is not merely a language that has an Aryan element in it, 

 as Fornander very thoughtfully proved, but is an Aryan language 

 itself, as he declared, then it parted from the primeval European 

 type before the consonantal changes had gone far. It has t, k, and 

 in most of its dialects p, but Tongan shows the change of /> to b 

 as it shows the change from t to ch or t::. Primeval Aryan as it is 

 seen in Tocharish has the same range of sounds as Polynesian and 

 practically the same sounds and number of sounds. It showed the 

 same tendencies to drop k, to make t and k interchangeable, to elide 

 r or make it interchangeable with / or d, to substitute ,? for h, f for 

 ich, and // for ng. Its fundamental vowel was a; and so it is in 

 Polynesian. Look in the Hawaiian dictionary and you will find ten 



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