OF PIERIS RAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA. 57 



Indeed its abundance the next year at Bei'gen Hill, West Hoboken and Hudson City is 

 proof that the first specimens came tathe spot in 1868. The fact that 'New York City 

 does not draw upon the Lake Champlain region for its cabbages (as I am informed by 

 Mr. Lintner of Albany) and the subsequent evident spread of Pieris rapae from two 

 points prove this to have been in all probability an independent introduction into the 

 country. It is only surprising that it was so long delayed. 



The spread of the butterfly from this new centre during 1869 does not appear to liave 

 been very great. That in scanty numbers it followed the track of the railway toward 

 Philadelphia is probable from the nature of things and from the fact that Mr. 

 J. P. li. Carney took a specimen that year within the present limits of Camden, 

 which he at the time supposed came across the ocean in a vessel, then unloading near by ; 

 yet Mr. Andrews wrote, under date of Aug. 26th in that year, that while "quite abundant 

 in the neighborhood of Bergen Hill and Hudson City, ten miles hence I could not find a 

 single specimen.'" It reached AVest Farms in the autumn of that year, where it was seen 

 by Mr. James Angus, but not taken; specimens were however taken the following April 

 fresh from the pupa. It was also reported as very common in 1869, in the parks and gar- 

 dens of ^ew York city, by several observers, though ]VIr. T. L. Mead, an enthusiastic lep- 

 idopterist at the time and a resident of the city, records the capture of a single siiecimen 

 on the Jersey side of the Hudson River (Can. Ent. ir, 36) as if its presence in the me- 

 tropolis were quite unknown to him. It seems jjrobable therefore that its occurrence in 

 the vicinity of IN^ew York Avas taken by outsiders for its presence in the city itself. Still 

 it may well have been present in spots not visited by Mr. Mead, and I myself found it 

 swarming about parks in the heart of the city in June, 1870. I can find no record of its 

 ap]3earance this year in Long Island. In 1869, then, with the exception of a straggler 

 toward Philadelphia, the butterfly is not known to have spi'ead more than ten or fifteen 

 miles in any direction from New York. 



The northern horde of invaders in the meantime was steadily ])ushing southward ; how 

 far to the west is quite unknown, for there are no reports for 1869 from the St. Lawrence 

 valley, excejjt the one above referred to, of its ravages at Chateaugua}^. So too from 

 Vermont and New Hampshire, the only accounts are of its great abundance in the north- 

 ern portions and its appearance in eveiy quarter tliere, including the alpine regions of 

 the White Mountains. In Maine, moreover, it had everyAvhere reached the seacoast and 

 was found in numbers in all the inhabited portions. It was abundant at Bangor (Chase, 

 Riley) and reported fi'om Xorway (Smith), Mt. Desert Island, end of July (B. P. Mann), 

 Eastport (Smith), and Portland (Dimmock). It was indeed along the seacoast that it 

 pushed its Avay southward most rapidly, for in the spring of this year it reached Boston. 

 I saw my first specimen on Jul}' 17, on Boston Common, but other observers were ahead 

 of me. Mr. P. S. Sprague, for instance, saw it in the same spot April 26, and Mr. F. A. 

 Clapp on May 20; by the autumn they were not very uncommon. A single specimen was 

 also said to have been seen this year near Worcester, according to a paper read by Mr. 

 W. Dickinson before the Natural history association of that city (Worcester Spy, March 

 16, 1870), lint this is rendered exceedingly doubtful by subsequent reports. Probably 

 the nearest point at which the northern horde approached the southern was somewhere 

 on the Hiidson or Connecticut rivers not far above the latitude of 43** N. 



