OF PIERIS EAPAE IN NORTH AMERICA. 55 



Following the report of Mr. Couper of its distriliutiou in 1863, we have at first but 

 scanty information concerning its spread in Canada. Capt. Gamble Geddes of Toronto 

 states that he first took it "about 1864, about ninety miles below Queljee; when I 

 brought it back and showed it to Professor Fowler, then connected with the ]!^at- 

 ural history society of Montreal, he assured me it was quite the first that had been 

 taken.'' This fixes the date of capture as before the publication (in Montreal) of Mr. 

 Bowles' papei- and indicates that in 1864, the insect had spread to Murray Bay, ninety 

 miles below Quebec on the north shore of the St. Lawrence. 



In 1866 begins our first considerable knowledge of the spread of the butterfly, as it 

 has reached more populous districts. Mr. AVm. Saunders, on an excursion to the Sague- 

 nay (Can. Ent. 1, 11), found it at Cacouna opposite and a little above the mouth 

 of the river and at Ha Ha Bay at the head of steamboat navigation on the 

 Saguenay, as well as all the way to Chicoutimi, twelve miles further up the river; it was 

 not, however, found at Tadousac at the mouth of the Saguenay. We know by its sul)- 

 sequent record that it must have spread westward and especially southwai-d by 1866, and 

 it was indeed taken at Brome township within a dozen miles of the Vermont border by 

 the Eev. T. W. Fyles. Dr. G. Dimmock, writing later in the JS". E. Homestead (Vol. Ill, 

 !No. 46, Mar. 25, 1871), S]ieaks of it as found this year also in northern I^ew Hampshire 

 and Vei-mont, but without specification, and Dr. J. C. Merrill reports the capture of a 

 single specimen in the White Mountains (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 300) ; that it 

 must have invaded these two states this year is certain from the considerable numbers 

 found the year following. I have accordingly^ di-awn the curve of its distril)ution to in- 

 clude this northern area. Moreover it is certain that it had reached this latitude in 

 Maine, for there is a specimen in the Yale College Museum, ]^o. 1,745, Avhich was taken 

 by Prof S. I. Smith in IS^orway, Maine, in 1865, the earliest record of its capture in the 

 United States. Probably it had covered the larger part of Maine wherever in the wilder- 

 ness it could find a ])atch under cultivation for, writing from Garland in Penobscot Co., 

 under date of Aug. 23, 1869, to the K. E. Farmer (X. S. HI, 506), Mr. II. C. Preble says 

 that he has "not been able to raise a respectable cabbage for some four or five years, on 

 account of the ravages of this species of voracious rascals." Even if we credit him with 

 some exaggeration from discouragement, we can hardly think the insect arrived there 

 later than 1866, the more jarobably as Professor Smith again helps us by jjreserving in 

 the Yale Museum two specimens caj^tured by him at Eastport, on July 4, 1866. 



The following yeai-, 1867, marks a better known advance, for in May it reached Mon- 

 treal, according to Mr. Ritchie (Can. N'at. lu, 295) to the southwest, and extended on 

 the southeast even to Halifax, Nova Scotia, as Mr. J. M. Jones testifies in a paper (Proc. 

 N. S. Inst. Ill, 20) read three years later, a publication which has been entirely 

 overlooked, its introduction to this point being heretofore placed as in 1871, since 

 Mr. Jones later spoke of it as very abundant in the spring of that year (Can. Ent. iir, 

 37). In Maine it was observed at Lewiston f;ir toward the southern extremity of the 

 state, though resident entomologists elsewhere in the state did not discover it until the 

 following year. The late Mr. P. S. Sprague of Boston was one of those who found it at 

 Lewiston (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xr, 300) and Mr. W. Dickinson of Worcester, the 

 other; the latter found it both this year and the next, but only in 1868 very destructive. 



