FUSION OF HANDS. 479 



process is rudimentary. From the side of this process and iVoin the shiif't just behind it 

 arises the projection ah-eady referred to which meets a similar one from the normal ulna. 

 (Plate 43, figs. 4, 5.) On the front of this there is a small articular surface looking forward 

 which suggests a part of the convexity of the head of the radius. (Plate 44, fig. 1.) The 

 upper articular surface shows a fissure separating it from the side of the olecranon which 

 is not found in the normal ulna. These projections which touch each other are held to- 

 gether by a strong interosseous ligament. The lower end of this idna is very like the 

 other only somewhat broader. The mode of union of the lower ends could not be seen 

 without unwarrantable injury to the specimen. There can hardly liave been any definite 

 movement between these bones. Perhaps tlie ligaments may have permitted some irreg- 

 ular sliding, but it is impossible to know. These bones have been described first because 

 their nature is very clear and, once understood, is a key to the more difficult interpre- 

 tation of the lower end of the humerus. 



The upper end of the humerus, concealed as it is by dried muscles, presents nothing note- 

 worthy. There is no roughness for the attachment of the deltoid though the place for it 

 is exposed. At the lower end the internal condj'le is normal. It is quite unmistakable 

 and is the most evident starting point. On the posterior surface is an olecranon fossa 

 containing the normal olecranon. Beyond this is a thick rounded swelling, which, 

 however, can hardly have been prominent before dissection. This is the normal outer 

 condyle of the humerus ^>??<s another of a right humerus applied to the normal bone at 

 nearly a right angle. A prominence somewhat to the outei- side of the front of the nor- 

 mal humerus represents the internal condyle of the right one. Between this and the 

 fused external condyles is the joint for the right olecranon. There is but a faint trace 

 of a fossa above it. Between the two internal condyles is a very small coronoid fossa on 

 the front of the normal humerus. (Plate 43, fig. 4 ; plate 44, figs. 2, 3.) Thu> it appears 

 that to this left humerus is added a part of the lower end of a right one, so applied that 

 the outer condyles are fused and the right inner condyle projects forward. To illustrate 

 this I have made a model (Plate 44, fig. 4), by siwing otf obliciudy a great part of the 

 outer C(mdyle of a left humerus and applying to it a part of the lower end of a right hu- 

 merus cut in the same way. Each humerus bears its own ulna. If the lateral expan- 

 sions from the side of the coronoid processes and of the shaft behind them could lie put 

 on this would represent strikingly the relation of the bones at the elbow. 



The dorsal side of the carpus was well exposed in the original dissection but the 

 description was not anatomically correct. The palmar aspect cannot be studied. The 

 carpus is so convex that it is not possible to get a satisfactory photograph. The 

 relations of the bones are shown in the diagram in which they are represented 

 as in a level plane. The proximal row consists of three bones besides the two 

 pisifonns. At either side of the wrist is a cuneiform (of! triquetriitn) , the dorsal 



