ICHTHYOLOGY OF VENEZUELA — SCHULTZ 167 



dorsal rays XI to XIII, 23 to 27; anal rays V to VII, 24 to 29; cheek with 

 4 or 5 series of scales.. Pterophyllum. scalaris (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 

 16. Scale rows 41 to 47; gill rakers on lower part of first arch 11; lateral Une pores 

 17 to 19 + 9 to 11; dorsal rays XII or XIII, 27 to 30; anal rays V or VI, 28 

 to 32; cheek with 6 or 7 series of scales.. Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin 



PTEROPHYLLUM SCALARIS (Cuvier and Valenciennes) 



SCALARE 



Platax scalaris Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire naturelle des poissons, vol. 



7, p. 237, 1831. 

 Pterophyllum scalaris Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturg., vol, 2, p. 335, 1840 



(Barra do Rio Negro). — Steindachner, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 71, 



p. 76, 1875 (Barra do Rio Negro). — Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, 



pt. l,p. 190 (Rio Negro). 

 Pterophyllum Eigenmann and Allen, Fishes of western South America, p. 406, 



1942 (Orinoco). 



PTEROPHYLLUM ALTUM Pellegrin 



Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, vol. 9, p. 125, 1903 

 (Atabapo, Orinoco); Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 16, p. 252, 1903 (Atabapo, 

 Orinoco).— Regan, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. 16, p. 442, 1905 (Rio 

 Orinoco). — Ahl, Zool. Anz., vol. 76, p. 255, 1938 (Orinoco). 



Genus CRENICICHLA Heckel 



Crenicichla Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mus., vol. 2, p. 416, 1840. (Genotype, Creni- 

 cichla vittata Heckel designated in Jordan's Genera of fashes, vol. 2, p. 207, 

 1919.) 

 The species of Crenicichla centering around macrophthalma Heckel 

 in the Rio Negro and Orinoco systems are not clearly defined and 

 need revision. Probably macrophthalma should be broken into sub- 

 species and C. lacustris (Castelnau) included with this group. 



KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CRENICICHLA REPORTED FROM VENEZUELA 



la. Nostril nearer to tip of snout than eye; scales smooth, not rough or ctenoid, 

 about 97 to 107 rows from upper edge of gill opening to base of caudal fin 

 below lateral line; maxillary reaching to under anterior margin of eye; 

 lateral-line pores 26 or 27 + 13 or 14; 10 or 11 scales from base of last 

 dorsal spine to lateral line and 6 or 7 scales between lateral lines; dorsal 

 rays XXI to XXIV, 16 or 17; anal rays III, 11 or 12; caudal spot absent; 

 10 to 12 dark cross bars dorsally, but absent on adults. 



Crenicichla Johanna Heckel 



lb. Nostril nearer eye than snout tip or equidistant between snout tip and eye; 



scales rough or ctenoid at least on side of body. 



2a. Maxillary reaching to under the eye, at least considerably beyond the 



anterior margin of eye. 



3o. Dorsal rays XVII to XX, 13 to 16; ocellated black caudal spot present. 



4o. Humeral spot present on lateral line, not below it, except absent on 



young; a dark band from snout passes through eye to midbase of 



caudal fin; each side of tip of chin blackish, interspace pale; dorsal 



rays XVIII or XIX, 13 to 15; anal rays III, 9 or 10; scale rows from 



upper edge of gill opening to caudal base below lateral line 58 to 69; 



