112 Frank Carney 



rids'es. The outer shows the effects of wave-work; for three miles 



o 



the base of the chff is cut into drift. The numerous glacial bowl- 

 ders attest the removal of drift by currents and waves. 



Directly souih of Lorain the northward extension of the Be- 

 rea formation led to a variety of off-shore structures wdiich gave the 

 shoreline a cusp-like protrusion farther into the lake (fig. 2). This 

 area is a typical example of the cuspate foreland ; its growth repre- 

 sents the progressive enclosing of lagoons. Afcer a static profile 

 had l)een reached, wave-work made the cliff wdiich now borders the 

 foreland. The initial position of the Warren beach here is easily 

 traced by a ridge that continues east-west south of the foreland. 



Proceeding eastward the Warren shoreline bears to the south ; 

 for a short distance, just west of the Wheeling railway, it has a 

 cliff-phase. This railroad crosses three beach ridges and interven- 

 ing lagoons. It is evident that in the early part of the Warren 

 level die shoreline had temporary positions farther south in the 

 Black river Bay. Several sand and gravel ridges trend southward ; 

 some of these terminate at the edge of the river cliff; others have 

 been eroded by its tributary streams, or by earlier positions of the 

 river itself. The multiplicity of ridges on either side of the river 

 show that this shoreline was gradually given a straighter course by 

 the development of spits into bars which, during post-glacial times, 

 have been dissected by the Black river. The irregular course of the 

 Black river in crossing the Warren shoreline refiecis the influence of 

 these beaches. 



East of Black river. — From the river to the vicinity of Avon 

 many distinct ridges have been mapped. Part of these had a spit 

 origin ; others were off-shore barriers first and beaches later. I have 

 indicated some of the numerous lagoons that existed between the 

 ridges. These ridges increase in degree of development towards the 

 north ; the one farthest south is short and low ; the next one north 

 is broken, and has a sharp bend due to a slight irregularity in the 

 land surface. I made careful search west of the river to find cor- 

 ■ relating ridges; the map shows all that exist now. 



In the vicinity of Avon Center is another cuspate foreland 

 (fig. 5). This, however, differs from the one south of Lorain in 

 that its northern extension includes an outcrop of Berea sandstone 

 which early in the Warren stage w^as probal^ly an island, and was 



