BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 645 



1938, 11 (Michigan; 1 record). — Witherbt et al., Handbook Brit. Birds, 

 iii, 1939, 5, in text, 7, pi. 61 (monogr.; col. fig.; distr.). 



HierofaJco gyrfalco candicans Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 193; 

 Nona. North Amer Birds, 1881, No. 412. — Hantzsch, Journ. fiir Orn., Ivi, 

 1908, 374 (Rama and Okak, Labrador, fall; status); Mitt. Ver. Erdk. Dres- 

 den, No. 8, 1909, 228 (ne. Labrador; transient). 



Hierofalco candicans Cuvier, Regne Anim., i, 1817, 312; ed. 2, i, 1829, 323. — 

 Lesson, Man. Orn., i, 1828, SO; Traits Orn., 1831, 97, pi. 16, part.— Bonaparte, 

 Rev. Mag. Zool., 1854, 536, part.— Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel- 

 phia, vii, 1855, 278.— Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., i, 1874, 411 (Labrador; 

 etc.).— GuRNEY, Ibis, 1882, 591-594 (crit.) ; List Diurn. Birds Prey, 1884, 

 112.— Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 406. 



? Hierofalco ( — Falco) candicans Pleske, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1928, 

 302, part (Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Archipelago). 



Falco sacer (not of Forster, Philos. Trans., Ixxii, 1772, 383) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 

 i, pt. 2, 1788, 273, part. — Turton, Gen. Syst. Nat. i, 1806, 156.— Cassin, 

 Illustr. Birds California, Texas, etc., 1856, 89. — Coues, Proc. Essex Inst., 

 V, 1868, 254 (rare in winter in New England) ; Check-List North Amer. 

 Birds, ed. 2, 1882, No. 498; Key North Amer. Birds, ed. 2, 1884, 532.— 

 Allen, Amer. Nat., iii, 1869, 513 (Providence, R. I.; spec). — Baird, Trans. 

 Chicago Acad. Sci., i, pt. 2, 1869, 27 (Yukon and Mackenzie districts). — 

 Dall and Bannistir, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., i, 1869, 271 (Alaska: 

 Anderson River, Lower Mackenzie, and Yukon region; spec). — Maynard, 

 Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, 1872, 382 (New England). — Hatch, 

 Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, 50 (Minnesota; spec). — Vennor, 

 Our Birds of Prey, 1876, 17, 23, pi. 4 (Bay of Seven Islands, Quebec; May). — 

 GiBBS, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Bull. 5, 1879, 490 (Michigan; winter).- 

 Lawrence, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, v, 1880, 117 (Pond Quogue, Long 

 Island). — Payne, Proc. Can. Inst., v, 1888, 180 (Prince of Wales Sound, 

 Hudson Strait; September). 



Falco {Hierofalco) sacer Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, xxii, 1870, 

 140. 



Falco (Hierofalco) gyrfalco var. sacer Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway's 

 Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 108, 115 (breeding in Anderson, Yukon, 

 Mackenzie, and Severn River districts; numerous spec, in U. S. Nat. Mus.). 



Falco gyrfalco sacer Purdie, Bull. Nuttall. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 188 (Piscataquis 

 County, Maine). 



Hierofalco gxjrfalco sacer Boucard, Cat., 1876, 2464 ("N. Am.")- — Ridgway, 

 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 192; Norn. North Amer. Birds, 1881, No. 

 412b. — Jencks, Random Notes Nat. Hist., i. No. 1, 1884, 6 (Point Judith, 

 R. I.; cf. also Auk, i, 1884, 94). 



Hierofalco sacei Cassin, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1883, 450 (Green- 

 land; Labrador). 



Hierofalco rusticolus sacer Oberholser, Auk, xli, 1924, 593 (syn.), 



Falco islandiis, y niactdatus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 2, 1788, 271. 



? Sacer americanus Daudin, Trait6 d'Orn., ii, 1800, 97 ( — Falco sacer Forster). 



Falco groenlandicus Daudin, Traite d'Orn., ii, 1800, 157. — Turton, Gen. Syst. 

 Nat., i, 1806, 147. — Hancock, Ann. Nat. Hist., ii, 1839, 249. — Blakiston, 

 Ibis, 1863, 43 (Brit. America). 



Falco gyrfalco groenlandicus Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, Falcones, 1862, 13. 



Falco lanarius (not of Gmehn) Faber, Isis, 1827, 68. 



Falco labradora Audubon, Birds Amer., 1834, ii, pi. 196 (Labrador). — Burney, 

 Ibis, 1882, 579-591-593. 



