BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 7 



true vultures).— -Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., i, 1874, ix, 2 (includes 

 true vultures). 

 = Vulturidae Baird [and Cassin], Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, xvii, 3, 4. 

 = Cathartinae Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1839, 194. — Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. 

 Av., i, 1850, 9. Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, xvii. — Sundevall, 

 Ofv. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., No. 2, 1874, 38. 

 = Cathartinae Eyten, w Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1849, 133 (excludes Sarcorajriphu). 

 = Catharidae Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 463. — Carus, Handb. Zool., 

 i, 1868-75, 305.— CouES, Key North Amer. Birds, 1872, 221; ed. 2, 1884, 

 497, 557.— Sclater and Salvin Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, vii, 123. — ^Garrod, 

 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, 113. — Ridgway, in Baird, Brewer, and Ridg- 

 way, Hist. North Amer. Birds, iii, 1874, 335; Man. North Amer. Birds, 1887, 

 218; Orn. Blinois, i, 1889, 488.— Sclater, Ibis, 1880, 404.— Barrows, 

 Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1884, 263, 266, in text.— Gurney, List Diurn. Birds 

 Prey, 1884, xiii, 2. — Newton, Encycl. Brit., ed. 9, xviii, 1885, 47. — Ameri- 

 can Ornithologists' Union, Check-list, 1886, 182; ed. 3, 1910, 152.— 

 FiJRBRiNGER, Untcrs. Morph. Syst. Vog., ii, 1888, 1296, 1580.— Gadow, 

 Classif. and Struct. Vertebr., 1898, 33. — Sharpe, Rev. Rec. Att. Classif. 

 Birds, 1891, 78; Hand-list, i, 1899, xx, 240.— Beddard, Struct, and Classif. 

 Birds, 1898, 481.— Knowlton, Birds of World, 1909, 48, 203.— Brabourne 

 and Chubb, Birds South Amer., i, 1912, 61.- — Reichenow, Die Vogel, i, 1913, 

 361.— Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxxvi, 1917, 237.— Swann, 

 Synopt. List Accip., pt. 1, 1919, 1; Monogr. Birds Prey, i, pt. 1, 1924, 1.— 

 Wetmore and Miller, Auk, xliii, 1926, 341. — Forbush, Birds Massachusetts 

 and other New England States, ii, 1927, 88. — Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. 

 Mus., Ixxvi, art. 24, 1930, 3.^ — American Ornithologists' Union, Check- 

 list, ed. 4, 1931, 61.— Peters, Check-list Birds of World, i, 1931, 189. 

 = Sarcoramphinae Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, iv, 3. 

 <Sarcorhamphinae Eyton, in Jardine's Contr. Orn., 1849, 133 (includes 



Sarcoramphus only!). 

 = Sarcorhamphinae Brandt, Journ. ftir Orn., 1853, 181. — Sharpe, Cat. Birds 



Brit. Mus., i, 1874, 2, 20. 

 > Sarcoramphidae J, E. Gray, List Spec. Brit. Mus., pt. 1, Accip., 1844, 1 



(includes Aegypiinae). 

 = Sarcoramphidae J. E. Gray, List Spec. Brit. Mus., pt. 1, Accip., ed. 2, 1848, 2. 

 ■= Sarcorhamphidae Ridgway, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, v, 1880, 77. — Salvin 



and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, iii, 1901, 130. 

 = Gryphinae Reichenbach, Av. Sys. Nat., Vog., 1850, C. 



To the anatomical characters given under the heading of order 

 Cathartae, on page 4, the following may be added: 



Whole head, and sometimes neck also, naked (covered with short 

 down in young), the plumage sometimes commencing abruptly on 

 the lower neck in the form of a more or less conspicuous ruff, into 

 which the head may be drawn by flexion of the neck ; eyes prominent, 

 not shaded by a superciliary shield; cere much elongated, usually 

 much depressed anteriorly below the apex of the strongly arched 

 culmen; nostrils longitudinal (horizontal), the two confluent or per- 

 forate; middle toe very long (nearly as long as tarsus), exceeding 

 lateral toes by more than the combined length of its terminal and 

 subterminal phalanges, its basal phalanx longest; outer toe slightly 



