BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 169 



under tail coverts pure white; under wing coverts and axillaries white, 

 barred or spotted with tawny or russet; primaries and secondaries 

 fuscous above, darker on the outer webs, white toward the bases of the 

 inner webs, silvery white to pale neutral gray below, tipped and barred 

 with darker fuscous or fuscous-black; terminal half of bill deep black, 

 basal half pale blue; cere greenish yellow; iris deep orange-red; tarsi 

 and toes deep lemon yellow. 



Adult /<57na/e.— Similar to the male, but the upperparts lacking 

 entirely any bluish cast, and usually less heavily marked below. 

 Crown and occiput fuscous to fuscous-black; remainder of upper 

 parts hair brown to fuscous (fuscous-black in one specimen) . 



Immature. — Forehead and crown fuscous-black to sooty black, 

 each feather widely margined with ocliraceous-tawny, changing to 

 ochraceous-buff in worn plumage; occiput white basally, each feather 

 with a broad fuscous-black streak on its distal half and some faint 

 indications of ochraceous-tawny on the margin where the black and 

 white meet; back of neck more broadly margined with oclu-aceous 

 tawny; remainder of upperparts grayish fuscous to hair brown, 

 the feathers distally margined with ocliraceous-tawny and with large 

 white spots near their bases; upper surface of tail paler and grayer 

 than the back, becoming whitish toward the bases of the inner webs 

 of the outer rectrices, narrowly tipped with white, and crossed by 

 four bands of fuscous-black; under surface of tail silvery white or 

 pale neutral gray, banded with fuscous; cheeks, sides of face and neck 

 cinnamon-buff streaked with fuscous, underparts white, sometimes 

 tinged with creamy or pinkish buff on the upper breast; throat with 

 a medial and lateral series of fuscous to fuscous-black streaks of 

 variable width, occasionally almost absent; breast and flanks streaked 

 with fuscous, the width and shape of each streak varying from fine 

 lines to broad bands, or from club-shaped to broad arrowhead mark- 

 ings; abdomen uniform or sparsely streaked, occasionally nearly as 

 heavily streaked as the breast; under tail coverts uniform wfiite, 

 occasionally narrowly streaked; tibiae uniform white, narrowly 

 streaked with fuscous or broadly marked or spotted with fuscous, 

 hair brown, or cinnarnon-brown, the spots sometimes chordate, 

 sometimes broadening out to form incomplete bars. Wings fuscous 

 to hau- brown above, becoming white toward the bases of the inner 

 webs, pale neutral gray to silvery white below, widely banded with 

 fuscous to fuscous-black. 



Juvenal. — Similar to the immature, but breast and throat more 

 washed with cinnamon-buff to cinnamon; edges of feathers of upper- 

 parts edged vrith russet. 



Natal down. — Pure while or yellowish white. 



