BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 185 



Immature male. — Upperparts fuscous, darker on the head and upper 

 back, narrowly edged with ochraceous-tawny or russet (sometimes 

 wider, sometimes narrower, occasionally absent) ; supercillia margined 

 with creamy buff (cartridge buff in worn plumage) ; occiput and nape 

 basally white, the feathers of the latter usually more widely edged 

 with russet; scapulars and tertials and upper tail coverts with large 

 concealed white spots. Ear coverts and sides of neck ochraceous- 

 tawny to cinnamon-buff heavily streaked with fuscous; chin and throat 

 white to cartridge buff narrowly streaked with fuscous or fuscous- 

 black; under tail coverts pure white (occasionally narrowly streaked 

 with fuscous); remainder of underparts white to cartridge buff, 

 broadl}^ streaked on the chest, streaked or spotted on the abdomen, 

 and spotted or barred on the tibiae with cinnamon-brown, sayal brown, 

 tawny-olive, or hair brown. Wings and tail as in adult, but browner, 

 less gray. Bill pale bluish horn color, tipped black, cere whitish; iris 

 grayish yellow, yellow, or straw; legs and feet yellow or yellowish, 

 claws blackish. 



Immature female. — Like the male, but larger. 



Juvenal. — Like the immature. 



Natal down. — Pure white, pale pinkish buff or cartridge buff. 



Adult male.— Wing 162-185 (171.1); tail 134-152.5 (140.8); culmen 

 from cere 9.5-11 (10.3); tarsus 46-54 (49.9); middle toe without claw 

 28-35 (30.7 mm.) .2 



Adult female.— Wing 180-210 (200.3); tail 150-179.5 (165.6); 

 culmen from cere 10.5-14 (12.7); tarsus 45-58.5 (54.9); middle toe 

 without claw 32.5-38.5 (36.1 mm.).^ 



Range.— Breeds throughout most of Alaska (except the southwest- 

 ern coastal area), Canada, and the United States, from northwestern 

 Alaska (Kotzebue Soimd), the Aleutian Islands, northwestern Mac- 

 kenzie (Great Bear Lake), central Manitoba, northern Ontario, central 

 Quebec (Delaware), southern Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova 

 Scotia south to South Carolina, Florida (local), the Gulf coast, Texas, 

 New Mexico, Arizona, and California (to Carmel River, Monterey 

 County, and the San Bernardino Mountains), and possibly northwest- 

 ern Mexico south to Sinaloa (whence it recorded as "resident" but no 

 definite breeding records given) . 



Winters from southwestern Alaska (?), southern British Columbia, 

 Vancouver Island, western Montana, Nebraska, southern Minnesota 

 (casual), Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, southern Ontario, New York, southern 

 Vermont, southern New Hampshire, southern Maine, and New Bruns- 

 wick (casually), south through the United States, all of Mexico, but 

 chiefly the western part (definite records from Baja California, 



* Fifty-one specimens from all parts of the range. 

 'Forty specimens from all parts of the range. 



