BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 309 



may really be nothing but the transition from the juvenal to the adult 

 stage, and not a true plumage in itself. 



Juvenal. — Normal phase (sexes alike): Upperparts: Head, nape, 

 back, upper wing and tail coverts similar to adult but with very much 

 whitish showing, especially on the head and nape where the feathers 

 are laterally and basally white, and on the inner scapulars and upper 

 wing coverts where the white spots show through; many of the inter- 

 scapulars and upper wing coverts edged narrowly with cinnamon; 

 remiges as in adult; rectrices very different: buffy brown to olive 

 brown tipped with whitish, subterminally broadly banded with 

 fuscous, and crossed by five or sLx narrow, indistinct bars of fuscous; 

 sides of head as in adults, but paler, the feather edgings more whitish; 

 entire underparts whitish, the chin and throat with a single median 

 wood brown streak, the sides of neck and the entire breast spotted 

 with elongated tear-shaped marks of wood brown to Saccardo's 

 umber, these marks becoming smaller and rounder on the sides, 

 flanks, upper abdomen, and thighs; lower abdomen and under tail 

 coverts immaculate white; under wing coverts whitish, sometimes 

 slightly washed with pale buff and sparsely spotted with Saccardo's 

 umber; iris very pale brown; cere and feet light yellow. 



Juvenal. — Dark phase (sexes alike): Similar to the normal phase, 

 but with more rufous especially on the breast {ex Bailey, Kaptorial 

 Birds Iowa, 1918, 130). 



Natal down. — White. 



Adult raale.—\Nmg 244-277 (2G2.8); tail 148-173.5 (159); culmen 

 from cere 17-20 (18.2); tarsus 57.5-65.5 (62.3); middle toe without 

 claw 30.8-35.6 (32.5 mm.).^^ 



Adult female.— Wing 265-296 (282.8); tail 155-185.4 (171.2); 

 culmen from cere 17.1-20.5 (19.3); tarsus 59-66.4 (62.8) middle toe 

 vrithout claw 31.7-36.2 (33.7 mm.).^ 



Range.— Breeds from central Alberta (Belvedere, Edmonton, 

 Camrose, near Ste. Amie, Athabaska Landing), central Saskatchewan 

 (Hudson Bay Junction), central Manitoba (Gypsumville) ; northern 

 Ontario (Favourable Lake and Fraserdale, Parry Sound, Muskoka), 

 southern Quebec (Quebec, Mont Luis Eiver), New Brunswick (St. 

 John, Scotch Lake), and Cape Breton Island, south through New 

 England, along the eastern seaboard to as far south as Florida 

 (Micanopy, Lake Harney, Palm Key, St. Marks, Manatee, Pensacola) ; 

 Alabama, Louisiana, and eastern Texas (Houston, Austin, Nueces 

 River), and in the west through North Dakota (Fargo), Minnesota, 

 northwestern Iowa (Sioux City); eastern Nebraska (Omaha), western 

 Missouri (Kansas City), eastern Kansas (Topeka), Oldahoma (Vinita, 

 Copan), and central and southern Texas (Austin, Nueces River). 



^' Seventeen males, 17 females, from all parts of the range. 



