BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 477 



from cere 49-57 (51.6); tarsus 93-108 (102); middle toe without 

 claw 65-68 (66.5 mm.).^^ 



Adult female.— Wing 622-659 (641.5); tail 310-325; culmen from 

 cere 55.5-58 (56.4); tarsus 106-110; middle toe without claw 71-73 

 mm."" 



Range. — Breeds in northern and eastern Europe from British Isles 

 (apparently now extinct as a breeding bird), Denmark (formerly, as 

 in the British Isles), to Scandinavia, and to all of Siberia east to the 

 Kolyma area, and Kamchatka (Petropaulski), Ussuriland, Amurland, 

 possibly the Kurile Islands; north to latitude 75° N., south to Meso- 

 potamia and Persia, formerly to the Red Sea and lower Eygpt. Also 

 breeds on Iceland, but not (or at least not now) on the Hebrides or 

 Shetlands or Faroe Islands, 



Winters from the breeding range, except, perliaps the more northern 

 parts, southward occasionally as far as southern Europe, Mesopotamia, 

 the Red Sea, Mongolia, China (Szechwan, Foochow, etc.), the Kurile 

 Islands (Yetorofu, Uruppu, Ushishiru, Natsuwa, Onekotan, Shumi- 

 shu), Korea, Japan (Yezo, Tsushima, etc.), and northern India (Kash- 

 mir). Casual on Bering Island and in Alaska (Unalaska Island, 

 Aleutian Chain; Kodiak Island; Hoonah Island; Lung Island). It 

 is possible that the young bti'd taken off Nantucket, Mass. (see under 

 groenlandica) may have been a straggler from Iceland, in which case 

 it would be of this form.*^ 



Type locality. — "In Europa, Americas"; restricted type locality, 

 Sweden, 



Falco albicilla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 89, part (Sweden; based 

 essentially on Fauna Suecica, 58, but cites Aquila capite albo Catesby, Caro- 

 lina, i, 1, pi. 1, which = H. leucocephalus) . — Brunnich, Orn. Bor., 1764, 3 

 (Norway). — Latham, Synop. Birds, Suppl., i, 1787, 281 (Scotland; Orkneys; 

 Cumberland); Index Orn., i, 1790, 9.— Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 

 253.— Temminck, Cat. Syst., 1807, 10; Man. d'Orn., i, 1820, 49; iii, 1820, 6; 

 Tabl. Meth., 1836, 3.— Shaw, Gen. Zool., vii, pt. 1, 1809, 79 (Europe; Iceland; 

 Lapmark). — Faber, Prodr. Island Orn., 1822, 1 (Iceland). — Naumann, Vog. 

 Deutschl., i, 1822, 224, pis. 12, 13, 14; Nachtr., 1853, 330, pi. 9, fig. 17.— 

 KiTTLiTZ, Kupfert., i, 1832, 4 pi. 2, fig. 2; Denkw., ii, 1858, 278.— Schlegel, 

 Vog. Eur., 1839, pis. 25, 26,— Fritsch, Vog. Deutschl., 1839, 70, pi. 69.— 

 Yarrell, Brit. Birds, i, 1843, 15.— Holm, Naturhist. Tidssk., ed. 2, ii, 1848, 

 507 (Faroe Islands). — Schalow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 248 (Kuril Islands; 

 "America"). 



39 Very limited material examined from eastern Asia seemed to support (quite 

 unexpectedly) the possibility that brooksi might prove to be separable. It is here 

 kept together with typical albicilla since other workers with far ampler series 

 have concluded that the supposed difference in size was not constant. 



*" Five specimens, three from India, Japan, and Bering Island, and two from 

 Scandinavia (these two ex Schioler, Danmarks Fugle, iii, 1931, 68. 



" Four specimens, two from India and Korea, and two from Scandinavia 

 (these two ex Schi0ler, Danmarks Fugle, iii, 1931, 68. 



